Daten & Fakten
Irak
Thailand
Ungarn
Capital
Irak
name: Baghdad
geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"
geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"
Thailand
name: Bangkok
geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Bangkok was likely originally a colloquial name, but one that was widely adopted by foreign visitors; the name may derive from bang ko, where bang is the Thai word for "village on a stream" and ko means "island," both referencing the area's landscape, which was carved by rivers and canals; alternatively, the name may come from bang makok, where makok is the name of the Java plum, a plant bearing olive-like fruit; this possibility is supported by the former name of Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok;
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, the city's Thai name, means "City of Angels, Great City" or simply "Great City of Angels" and is a shortening of the full ceremonial name: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit; translated the meaning is: "City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest"; it holds the world's record as the longest place name (169 letters); Krung Thep is used colloquially
geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Bangkok was likely originally a colloquial name, but one that was widely adopted by foreign visitors; the name may derive from bang ko, where bang is the Thai word for "village on a stream" and ko means "island," both referencing the area's landscape, which was carved by rivers and canals; alternatively, the name may come from bang makok, where makok is the name of the Java plum, a plant bearing olive-like fruit; this possibility is supported by the former name of Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok;
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, the city's Thai name, means "City of Angels, Great City" or simply "Great City of Angels" and is a shortening of the full ceremonial name: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit; translated the meaning is: "City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest"; it holds the world's record as the longest place name (169 letters); Krung Thep is used colloquially
Ungarn
name: Budapest
geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called "Pession" in ancient times; "Buda" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name
geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called "Pession" in ancient times; "Buda" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name
Citizenship
Irak
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Thailand
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Thailand
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Ungarn
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years
Legal system
Irak
mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law
Thailand
civil law system with common law influences
Ungarn
civil legal system influenced by the German model
Suffrage
Irak
18 years of age; universal
Thailand
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Ungarn
18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal
Area
Irak
total: 438,317 sq km
land: 437,367 sq km
water: 950 sq km
land: 437,367 sq km
water: 950 sq km
Thailand
total: 513,120 sq km
land: 510,890 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km
land: 510,890 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km
Ungarn
total: 93,028 sq km
land: 89,608 sq km
water: 3,420 sq km
land: 89,608 sq km
water: 3,420 sq km
Land use
Irak
agricultural land: 18.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)
other: 80% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)
other: 80% (2018 est.)
Thailand
agricultural land: 41.2% (2018 est.)
arable land: 30.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 37.2% (2018 est.)
other: 21.6% (2018 est.)
arable land: 30.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 8.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 37.2% (2018 est.)
other: 21.6% (2018 est.)
Ungarn
agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.)
arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)
other: 18.6% (2018 est.)
arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)
other: 18.6% (2018 est.)
Location
Irak
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Thailand
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma
Ungarn
Central Europe, northwest of Romania
Age structure
Irak
0-14 years: 35.24% (male 7,428,445/female 7,113,723)
15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)
65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)
15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)
65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)
Thailand
0-14 years: 16% (male 5,720,842/female 5,443,981)
15-64 years: 69.53% (male 23,797,302/female 24,734,505)
65 years and over: 14.47% (2023 est.) (male 4,500,808/female 5,597,559)
15-64 years: 69.53% (male 23,797,302/female 24,734,505)
65 years and over: 14.47% (2023 est.) (male 4,500,808/female 5,597,559)
Ungarn
0-14 years: 14.24% (male 709,089/female 668,143)
15-64 years: 63.97% (male 3,091,384/female 3,094,515)
65 years and over: 21.79% (2023 est.) (male 812,063/female 1,294,815)
15-64 years: 63.97% (male 3,091,384/female 3,094,515)
65 years and over: 21.79% (2023 est.) (male 812,063/female 1,294,815)
Birth rate
Irak
24.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Thailand
10 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Ungarn
9.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Irak
3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Thailand
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Ungarn
15 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Irak
Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present; Iraqis have the right to be educated in their native language
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Thailand
Thai (official) only 90.7%, Thai and other languages 6.4%, only other languages 2.9% (includes Malay, Burmese); note - data represent population by language(s) spoken at home; English is a secondary language of the elite (2010 est.)
major-language sample(s):
สารานุกรมโลก - แหล่งข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ (Thai)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
สารานุกรมโลก - แหล่งข้อมูลพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ (Thai)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Ungarn
Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s):
A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak. (Hungarian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak. (Hungarian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Life expectancy at birth
Irak
total population: 73.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 71.6 years
female: 75.4 years
male: 71.6 years
female: 75.4 years
Thailand
total population: 77.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 74.9 years
female: 81.1 years
male: 74.9 years
female: 81.1 years
Ungarn
total population: 75.3 years (2023 est.)
male: 72.1 years
female: 78.7 years
male: 72.1 years
female: 78.7 years
Major urban areas - population
Irak
7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)
Thailand
11.070 million BANGKOK (capital), 1.454 Chon Buri, 1.359 million Samut Prakan, 1.213 million Chiang Mai, 1.005 million Songkla, 1.001 million Nothaburi (2023)
Ungarn
1.778 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2023)
Median age
Irak
total: 22.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 21.7 years
female: 22.4 years
male: 21.7 years
female: 22.4 years
Thailand
total: 41 years (2023 est.)
male: 39.8 years
female: 42.2 years
male: 39.8 years
female: 42.2 years
Ungarn
total: 44.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 42.6 years
female: 46.4 years
male: 42.6 years
female: 46.4 years
Thailand
23.3 years (2009 est.)
Ungarn
28.4 years (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
Irak
-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Thailand
-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Ungarn
2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Irak
population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited
Thailand
highest population density is found in and around Bangkok; significant population clusters found througout large parts of the country, particularly north and northeast of Bangkok and in the extreme southern region of the country
Ungarn
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Population growth rate
Irak
1.94% (2023 est.)
Thailand
0.2% (2023 est.)
Ungarn
-0.33% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Irak
3.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Thailand
1.54 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Ungarn
1.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Irak
urban population: 71.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Thailand
urban population: 53.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Ungarn
urban population: 72.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Irak
4.7% of GDP (2016)
Thailand
3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Ungarn
4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)
Thailand
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2016)
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2016)
Ungarn
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2020)
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Irak
-4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Thailand
-3.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Ungarn
-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Irak
-1.14% (2021 est.)
Thailand
3.34% (2021 est.)
Ungarn
6.64% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Irak
11.184 million (2021 est.)
Thailand
40.213 million (2021 est.)
Ungarn
4.91 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Irak
23% (2014 est.)
Thailand
9.9% (2018 est.)
Ungarn
12.3% (2018 est.)
Unemployment rate
Irak
14.19% (2021 est.)
14.09% (2020 est.)
12.86% (2019 est.)
14.09% (2020 est.)
12.86% (2019 est.)
Thailand
1.42% (2021 est.)
1.1% (2020 est.)
0.72% (2019 est.)
1.1% (2020 est.)
0.72% (2019 est.)
Ungarn
4.12% (2021 est.)
4.25% (2020 est.)
3.42% (2019 est.)
4.25% (2020 est.)
3.42% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Irak
27.44% of GDP (2018 est.)
35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)
29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)
35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)
29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)
Thailand
50.4% of GDP (2020 est.)
40.13% of GDP (2019 est.)
39.25% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
40.13% of GDP (2019 est.)
39.25% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Ungarn
96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)
83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)
86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.
83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)
86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Irak
6.04% (2021 est.)
0.57% (2020 est.)
-0.2% (2019 est.)
0.57% (2020 est.)
-0.2% (2019 est.)
Thailand
1.23% (2021 est.)
-0.85% (2020 est.)
0.71% (2019 est.)
-0.85% (2020 est.)
0.71% (2019 est.)
Ungarn
5.11% (2021 est.)
3.33% (2020 est.)
3.34% (2019 est.)
3.33% (2020 est.)
3.34% (2019 est.)
Exports
Irak
$78.261 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Thailand
$296.002 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$257.981 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$323.878 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$257.981 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$323.878 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Ungarn
$148.229 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners
Irak
China 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)
Thailand
United States 16%, China 13%, Japan 9%, Vietnam 4%, Australia 4% (2021)
Ungarn
Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)
Imports
Irak
$50.707 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Thailand
$295.78 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$232.039 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$272.831 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$232.039 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$272.831 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Ungarn
$147.577 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Irak
United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019)
Thailand
China 28%, Japan 12%, Malaysia 5%, United States 5%, United Arab Emirates 4% (2021)
Ungarn
Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)
Airports
Irak
102 (2021)
Thailand
101 (2021)
Ungarn
41 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Irak
total: 6,254,099 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
Thailand
total: 11,478,265 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
Ungarn
total: 3,382,136 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34.83 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34.83 (2021 est.)
Internet users
Irak
total: 21.56 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)
Thailand
total: 61.2 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 85% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 85% (2021 est.)
Ungarn
total: 8.633 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 89% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 89% (2021 est.)
Railways
Irak
total: 2,272 km (2014)
standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Thailand
total: 4,127 km (2017)
standard gauge: 84 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (84 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 4,043 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
standard gauge: 84 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (84 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 4,043 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
Ungarn
total: 7,687 km (2020) 3,111 km electrified
Roadways
Irak
total: 59,623 km (2012)
paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)
paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)
Thailand
total: 180,053 km (2006) (includes 450 km of expressways)
Ungarn
total: 203,601 km (2014)
paved: 77,087 km (2014) (includes 1,582 km of expressways)
unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)
paved: 77,087 km (2014) (includes 1,582 km of expressways)
unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)
Telephones - fixed lines
Irak
total subscriptions: 3,048,736 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
Thailand
total subscriptions: 4.6 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
Ungarn
total subscriptions: 2,955,979 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Irak
total subscriptions: 37,649,112 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)
Thailand
total subscriptions: 120 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 170 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 170 (2021 est.)
Ungarn
total subscriptions: 10,248,653 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2021 est.)
Waterways
Irak
5,279 km (2012) (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways)
Thailand
4,000 km (2011) (3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m)
Ungarn
1,622 km (2011) (most on Danube River)
Disputes - international
Irak
Iraq-Iran: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf
Iraq-Kuwait: undemarcated maritime boundary; Kuwait has called on Iraq to resolve the domestic legal status of the 2012 Kuwait-Iraq Agreement to regulate maritime navigation in Khor Abdullah and ensure that the agreement remains in force
Iraq-Turkey: Turkey maintains a military presence in northern Iraq to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) terrorist group; it periodically conducts air strikes and has conducted large military operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018, and smaller-scale operations in 2021 and 2022
Thailand
Thailand-Burma: in 2016, Thailand expressed its interest in investing in Burma’s Hatgyi Dam project on the Salween River near the Thai-Burma border; the dam has the potential to supply electricity and water during the drought season; approximately 100,000 mostly Karen refugees fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Burma live in nine remote camps in Thailand near the border
Thailand-Cambodia: Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of their border; in 2011, Thailand and Cambodia resorted to arms in the dispute over the location of the boundary on the precipice surmounted by Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962 and part of a planned UN World Heritage site; in 2013, the International Court of Justice ruled that the land with the temple was Cambodian territory but that a nearby hill belonged to Thailand
Thailand-Laos: talks continue on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over several islands in the Mekong River
Thailand-Malaysia: separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Malay-Muslim southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem insurgent activities; disputed areas are the Bukit Jeli area at the headwaters of the Golok River and the continental shelf boundary in the Gulf of Thailand
Ungarn
Hungary and Slovakia have a long-running dispute over the implementation of a 1970s Soviet-era hydropower project on the Danube, the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros project
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