Daten & Fakten
Schweiz
Libyen
Aserbaidschan
Capital
Schweiz
name: Bern
geographic coordinates: 46 55 N, 7 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin of the name is uncertain but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly "berna" meaning "cleft," that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement
geographic coordinates: 46 55 N, 7 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin of the name is uncertain but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly "berna" meaning "cleft," that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement
Libyen
name: Tripoli (Tarabulus)
geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries; by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning "region of the three cities" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east); over time, the shortened name of "Tripoli" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words tria and polis meaning "three cities"
geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: originally founded by the Phoenicians as Oea in the 7th century B.C., the city changed rulers many times over the successive centuries; by the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. the region around the city was referred to as Regio Tripolitana by the Romans, meaning "region of the three cities" - namely Oea (i.e., modern Tripoli), Sabratha (to the west), and Leptis Magna (to the east); over time, the shortened name of "Tripoli" came to refer to just Oea, which derives from the Greek words tria and polis meaning "three cities"
Aserbaidschan
name: Baku (Baki, Baky)
geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world
geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world
Citizenship
Schweiz
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application
Libyen
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: varies from 3 to 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: varies from 3 to 5 years
Aserbaidschan
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Legal system
Schweiz
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character
Libyen
Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities
Aserbaidschan
civil law system
Suffrage
Schweiz
18 years of age; universal
Libyen
18 years of age, universal
Aserbaidschan
18 years of age; universal
Area
Schweiz
total: 41,277 sq km
land: 39,997 sq km
water: 1,280 sq km
land: 39,997 sq km
water: 1,280 sq km
Libyen
total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Aserbaidschan
total: 86,600 sq km
land: 82,629 sq km
water: 3,971 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
land: 82,629 sq km
water: 3,971 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
Land use
Schweiz
agricultural land: 38.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.5% (2018 est.)
other: 29.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.5% (2018 est.)
other: 29.8% (2018 est.)
Libyen
agricultural land: 8.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 0.1% (2018 est.)
other: 91.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 7.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 0.1% (2018 est.)
other: 91.1% (2018 est.)
Aserbaidschan
agricultural land: 57.6% (2018 est.)
arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
Location
Schweiz
Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy
Libyen
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria
Aserbaidschan
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range
Age structure
Schweiz
0-14 years: 15.49% (male 683,053/female 643,067)
15-64 years: 65.13% (male 2,800,880/female 2,777,109)
65 years and over: 19.38% (2023 est.) (male 745,501/female 914,150)
15-64 years: 65.13% (male 2,800,880/female 2,777,109)
65 years and over: 19.38% (2023 est.) (male 745,501/female 914,150)
Libyen
0-14 years: 32.81% (male 1,213,850/female 1,166,039)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 2,340,685/female 2,213,782)
65 years and over: 4.39% (2023 est.) (male 143,737/female 174,480)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 2,340,685/female 2,213,782)
65 years and over: 4.39% (2023 est.) (male 143,737/female 174,480)
Aserbaidschan
0-14 years: 21.78% (male 1,192,608/female 1,077,302)
15-64 years: 69.64% (male 3,619,341/female 3,637,494)
65 years and over: 8.58% (2023 est.) (male 356,184/female 537,586)
15-64 years: 69.64% (male 3,619,341/female 3,637,494)
65 years and over: 8.58% (2023 est.) (male 356,184/female 537,586)
Birth rate
Schweiz
10.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Libyen
20.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Aserbaidschan
11.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Schweiz
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Libyen
3.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Aserbaidschan
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Schweiz
German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.1%, French (official) 22.8%, Italian (official) 8%, English 5.7%, Portuguese 3.5%, Albanian 3.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.3%, Spanish 2.3%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.9%; note - German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because respondents could indicate more than one main language (2019 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Libyen
Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Aserbaidschan
Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: Russian is widely spoken
major-language sample(s):
Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: Russian is widely spoken
Life expectancy at birth
Schweiz
total population: 83.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 81.9 years
female: 85.8 years
male: 81.9 years
female: 85.8 years
Libyen
total population: 77.4 years (2023 est.)
male: 75.2 years
female: 79.8 years
male: 75.2 years
female: 79.8 years
Aserbaidschan
total population: 74.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 72.4 years
female: 77.8 years
male: 72.4 years
female: 77.8 years
Major urban areas - population
Schweiz
1.432 million Zurich, 441,000 BERN (capital) (2023)
Libyen
1.183 million TRIPOLI (capital), 984,000 Misratah, 859,000 Benghazi (2023)
Aserbaidschan
2.432 million BAKU (capital) (2023)
Median age
Schweiz
total: 44 years (2023 est.)
male: 43.3 years
female: 44.8 years
male: 43.3 years
female: 44.8 years
Libyen
total: 26.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 26.1 years
female: 26.1 years
male: 26.1 years
female: 26.1 years
Aserbaidschan
total: 33.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 32.2 years
female: 35.4 years
male: 32.2 years
female: 35.4 years
Mother's mean age at first birth
Schweiz
31.1 years (2020 est.)
Aserbaidschan
24 years (2019 est.)
Net migration rate
Schweiz
6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Libyen
-2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Aserbaidschan
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Schweiz
population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement
Libyen
well over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and lack of surface water as shown in this population distribution map
Aserbaidschan
highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population
Population growth rate
Schweiz
0.78% (2023 est.)
Libyen
1.54% (2023 est.)
Aserbaidschan
0.43% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Schweiz
1.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Libyen
3.04 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Aserbaidschan
1.69 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Schweiz
urban population: 74.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Libyen
urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Aserbaidschan
urban population: 57.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
Education expenditures
Schweiz
5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Libyen
NA
Aserbaidschan
4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Schweiz
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Aserbaidschan
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2021)
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2021)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Schweiz
1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Libyen
-25.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Aserbaidschan
-1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Schweiz
7.91% (2021 est.)
Libyen
-10.57% (2019 est.)
Aserbaidschan
1.95% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Schweiz
4.963 million (2021 est.)
Libyen
2.28 million (2021 est.)
Aserbaidschan
4.919 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Schweiz
16% (2018 est.)
Libyen
note: about one-third of Libyans live at or below the national poverty line
Aserbaidschan
4.9% (2015 est.)
Unemployment rate
Schweiz
5.32% (2021 est.)
4.82% (2020 est.)
4.39% (2019 est.)
4.82% (2020 est.)
4.39% (2019 est.)
Libyen
19.58% (2021 est.)
20.07% (2020 est.)
19.66% (2019 est.)
20.07% (2020 est.)
19.66% (2019 est.)
Aserbaidschan
6.58% (2021 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
4.85% (2019 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
4.85% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Schweiz
20.91% of GDP (2020 est.)
18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options
18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options
Libyen
4.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Aserbaidschan
54.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Schweiz
0.58% (2021 est.)
-0.73% (2020 est.)
0.36% (2019 est.)
-0.73% (2020 est.)
0.36% (2019 est.)
Libyen
28.5% (2017 est.)
25.9% (2016 est.)
25.9% (2016 est.)
Aserbaidschan
6.65% (2021 est.)
2.76% (2020 est.)
2.61% (2019 est.)
2.76% (2020 est.)
2.61% (2019 est.)
Exports
Schweiz
$571.376 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$474.236 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$478.505 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland
$474.236 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$478.505 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland
Libyen
$9.537 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$29.326 billion (2019 est.)
$29.964 billion (2018 est.)
$29.326 billion (2019 est.)
$29.964 billion (2018 est.)
Aserbaidschan
$25.488 billion (2021 est.)
$15.209 billion (2020 est.)
$23.63 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
$15.209 billion (2020 est.)
$23.63 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Exports - partners
Schweiz
Germany 16%, United States 14%, United Kingdom 8%, China 7%, France 6%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)
Libyen
Italy 18%, China 16%, Germany 15%, Spain 15%, United Arab Emirates 6%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)
Aserbaidschan
Italy 28%, Turkey 15%, Israel 7%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2017)
Imports
Schweiz
$480.522 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$429.979 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$413.404 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$429.979 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$413.404 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
Libyen
$14.334 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$25.368 billion (2019 est.)
$18.849 billion (2018 est.)
$25.368 billion (2019 est.)
$18.849 billion (2018 est.)
Aserbaidschan
$16.337 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.538 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$17.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.538 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$17.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Schweiz
Germany 21%, Italy 8%, France 6%, United States 6%, United Kingdom 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)
Libyen
China 16%, Turkey 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 9%, Egypt 5% (2019)
Aserbaidschan
United Kingdom 17%, Russia 17%, Turkey 12%, China 6% (2019)
Airports
Schweiz
63 (2021)
Libyen
146 (2021)
Aserbaidschan
23 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Schweiz
total: 4,028,238 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
Libyen
total: 332,000 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2020 est.)
Aserbaidschan
total: 1,995,474 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Schweiz
total: 8.352 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
Libyen
total: 3,095,400 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 46.2% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 46.2% (2021 est.)
Aserbaidschan
total: 8.6 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
Railways
Schweiz
total: 5,296 km (2020) 5,296 km electrified; Switzerland remains the only country with a fully electrified network
Aserbaidschan
total: 2,944.3 km (2017)
broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)
broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)
Roadways
Schweiz
total: 71,557 km (2017)
paved: 71,557 km (2017) (includes 1,458 of expressways)
paved: 71,557 km (2017) (includes 1,458 of expressways)
Libyen
total: 37,000 km (2010)
paved: 34,000 km (2010)
unpaved: 3,000 km (2010)
paved: 34,000 km (2010)
unpaved: 3,000 km (2010)
Aserbaidschan
total: 24,981 km (2013)
note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.
note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.
Telephones - fixed lines
Schweiz
total subscriptions: 2,956,500 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
Libyen
total subscriptions: 1.6 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2021 est.)
Aserbaidschan
total subscriptions: 1,644,300 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Schweiz
total subscriptions: 11,060,700 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
Libyen
total subscriptions: 2.9 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2021 est.)
Aserbaidschan
total subscriptions: 10,817,071 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
Waterways
Schweiz
1,292 km (2010) (there are 1,227 km of waterways on lakes and rivers for public transport and 65 km on the Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee for commercial goods transport)
Disputes - international
Schweiz
none identified
Libyen
Libya-Algeria: dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria
Libya-Chad: various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya; Libyan forces clashed with Chadian rebels in September 2021
Libya-Egypt: none identified
Libya-Niger: the boundary is poorly defined but has never been disputed by either country
Libya-Sudan: none identified
Libya-Tunisia: none identified
Aserbaidschan
Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Azerbaijan-Georgia: a joint boundary commission agrees on most of the alignment, leaving only small areas at certain crossing points in dispute; consequently, the two states have yet to agree on a delimitation or demarcation of their common boundary; one area of contention is where the international boundary should run through the 6th-13th Century David-Gareja monastery complex
Azerbaijan-Iran: in recent years, tensions between Azerbajian and Iran have risen in part because of warming ties between Azerbaijan and Israel, and Baku's claims that Tehran has backed Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave
Azerbaijan-Russia: Russia has complained of cross-border smuggling
Azerbaijan-Turkey: none identified; as of 2023, Turkey and Armenia were discussing normalizing relations
Caspian Sea (Maritime Boundary): Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
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