Capital

Tadschikistan

name: Dushanbe

geographic coordinates: 38 33 N, 68 46 E

time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)

Italien

name: Rome

geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king

Tadschikistan

name: Dushanbe

geographic coordinates: 38 33 N, 68 46 E

time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)

Citizenship

Tadschikistan

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application

Italien

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others

Tadschikistan

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application

Legal system

Tadschikistan

civil law system

Italien

civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

Tadschikistan

civil law system

Suffrage

Tadschikistan

18 years of age; universal

Italien

18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25

Tadschikistan

18 years of age; universal

Area

Tadschikistan

total: 144,100 sq km

land: 141,510 sq km

water: 2,590 sq km

Italien

total: 301,340 sq km

land: 294,140 sq km

water: 7,200 sq km

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Tadschikistan

total: 144,100 sq km

land: 141,510 sq km

water: 2,590 sq km

Land use

Tadschikistan

agricultural land: 34.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 2.9% (2018 est.)

other: 62.4% (2018 est.)

Italien

agricultural land: 47.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 31.4% (2018 est.)

other: 21.5% (2018 est.)

Tadschikistan

agricultural land: 34.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 2.9% (2018 est.)

other: 62.4% (2018 est.)

Location

Tadschikistan

Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan

Italien

Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Tadschikistan

Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan

Age structure

Tadschikistan

0-14 years: 29.98% (male 1,411,335/female 1,360,882)

15-64 years: 65.84% (male 3,025,782/female 3,061,836)

65 years and over: 4.18% (2023 est.) (male 159,728/female 226,374)

Italien

0-14 years: 12.08% (male 3,772,041/female 3,600,946)

15-64 years: 64.61% (male 19,430,217/female 19,997,042)

65 years and over: 23.31% (2023 est.) (male 6,248,663/female 7,972,946)

Tadschikistan

0-14 years: 29.98% (male 1,411,335/female 1,360,882)

15-64 years: 65.84% (male 3,025,782/female 3,061,836)

65 years and over: 4.18% (2023 est.) (male 159,728/female 226,374)

Birth rate

Tadschikistan

26.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tadschikistan

26.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Tadschikistan

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tadschikistan

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Tadschikistan

Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: Russian widely used in government and business

Italien

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

major-language sample(s):
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Tadschikistan

Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: Russian widely used in government and business

Life expectancy at birth

Tadschikistan

total population: 71.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 69.2 years

female: 73.1 years

Italien

total population: 82.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.5 years

female: 85.3 years

Tadschikistan

total population: 71.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 69.2 years

female: 73.1 years

Major urban areas - population

Tadschikistan

987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)

Italien

4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)

Tadschikistan

987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)

Median age

Tadschikistan

total: 22.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 22.3 years

female: 23.2 years

Italien

total: 48.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 47 years

female: 49.1 years

Tadschikistan

total: 22.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 22.3 years

female: 23.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Tadschikistan

23.2 years (2017 est.)

Italien

31.4 years (2020 est.)

Tadschikistan

23.2 years (2017 est.)

Net migration rate

Tadschikistan

-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tadschikistan

-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Tadschikistan

the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west

Italien

despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations

Tadschikistan

the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west

Population growth rate

Tadschikistan

1.94% (2023 est.)

Italien

-0.11% (2023 est.)

Tadschikistan

1.94% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Tadschikistan

3.6 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Italien

1.24 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Tadschikistan

3.6 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Tadschikistan

urban population: 28.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Italien

urban population: 72% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Tadschikistan

urban population: 28.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Tadschikistan

5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Italien

4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Tadschikistan

5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Tadschikistan

total: 11 years

male: 12 years

female: 11 years (2013)

Italien

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Tadschikistan

total: 11 years

male: 12 years

female: 11 years (2013)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Tadschikistan

-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Italien

-2.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Tadschikistan

-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Tadschikistan

22.04% (2021 est.)

Italien

13.46% (2021 est.)

Tadschikistan

22.04% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Tadschikistan

2.5 million (2021 est.)

Italien

25.012 million (2021 est.)

Tadschikistan

2.5 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Tadschikistan

26.3% (2019 est.)

Italien

20.1% (2018 est.)

Tadschikistan

26.3% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate

Tadschikistan

7.75% (2021 est.)

7.58% (2020 est.)

7.06% (2019 est.)

note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher

Italien

9.83% (2021 est.)

9.16% (2020 est.)

9.95% (2019 est.)

Tadschikistan

7.75% (2021 est.)

7.58% (2020 est.)

7.06% (2019 est.)

note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher

Public debt

Tadschikistan

50.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

42% of GDP (2016 est.)

Italien

131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

132% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

Tadschikistan

50.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

42% of GDP (2016 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Tadschikistan

7.7% (2019 est.)

3.9% (2018 est.)

7.3% (2017 est.)

Italien

1.87% (2021 est.)

-0.14% (2020 est.)

0.61% (2019 est.)

Tadschikistan

7.7% (2019 est.)

3.9% (2018 est.)

7.3% (2017 est.)

Exports

Tadschikistan

$2.161 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.409 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.243 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Italien

$687.948 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$559.952 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$636.153 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Tadschikistan

$2.161 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.409 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.243 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Tadschikistan

Turkey 24%, Switzerland 22%, Uzbekistan 16%, Kazakhstan 12%, China 10% (2019)

Italien

Germany 12%, France 11%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 5%, Spain 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Tadschikistan

Turkey 24%, Switzerland 22%, Uzbekistan 16%, Kazakhstan 12%, China 10% (2019)

Imports

Tadschikistan

$4.258 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.125 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.409 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Italien

$637.934 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$490.684 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$568.796 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Tadschikistan

$4.258 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.125 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.409 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Tadschikistan

China 40%, Russia 38%, Kazakhstan 19%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)

Italien

Germany 16%, France 9%, China 7%, Spain 5%, Netherlands 5%, Belgium 5% (2019)

Tadschikistan

China 40%, Russia 38%, Kazakhstan 19%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)

Airports

Tadschikistan

24 (2021)

Italien

129 (2021)

Tadschikistan

24 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Tadschikistan

total: 6,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)

Italien

total: 18,128,787 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

Tadschikistan

total: 6,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Tadschikistan

total: 3,009,054 (2022 est.)

percent of population: 30.4% (2022 est.)

Italien

total: 44.25 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 75% (2021 est.)

Tadschikistan

total: 3,009,054 (2022 est.)

percent of population: 30.4% (2022 est.)

Railways

Tadschikistan

total: 680 km (2014)

broad gauge: 680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

Italien

total: 18,475 km (2020) 12,936 km electrified

1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)

Tadschikistan

total: 680 km (2014)

broad gauge: 680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

Roadways

Tadschikistan

total: 30,000 km (2018)

Italien

total: 487,700 km (2007)

paved: 487,700 km (2007) (includes 6,700 km of expressways)

Tadschikistan

total: 30,000 km (2018)

Telephones - fixed lines

Tadschikistan

total subscriptions: 500,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2021 est.)

Italien

total subscriptions: 19,994,902 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)

Tadschikistan

total subscriptions: 500,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Tadschikistan

total subscriptions: 12 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2021 est.)

Italien

total subscriptions: 78,114,933 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2021 est.)

Tadschikistan

total subscriptions: 12 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Tadschikistan

200 km (2011) (along Vakhsh River)

Italien

2,400 km (2012) (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail)

Tadschikistan

200 km (2011) (along Vakhsh River)

Disputes - international

Tadschikistan

Tajikistan-Afghanistan: none identified

Tajikistan-China: in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; in 2011, Tajikistan and China ratified the 2002 border demarcation agreement whereby Tajikistan ceded approximately 1,100 square kilometers in the Pamirs to China

Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan: disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan; in May 2021, both countries agreed to a ceasefire following recent clashes at their border

Tajikistan-Uzbekistan: talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and clear minefields; as of January 2020, Uzbekistan reported that it had cleared all mines along its side of the border

Italien

Italy-Austria-Switzerland: borders are shifting because glacier peaks that had served as a natural boundary are melting

Tadschikistan

Tajikistan-Afghanistan: none identified

Tajikistan-China: in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; in 2011, Tajikistan and China ratified the 2002 border demarcation agreement whereby Tajikistan ceded approximately 1,100 square kilometers in the Pamirs to China

Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan: disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan; in May 2021, both countries agreed to a ceasefire following recent clashes at their border

Tajikistan-Uzbekistan: talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and clear minefields; as of January 2020, Uzbekistan reported that it had cleared all mines along its side of the border