Daten & Fakten
Irak
Mongolei
Kasachstan
Capital
Irak
name: Baghdad
geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"
geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"
Mongolei
name: Ulaanbaatar
geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
time zone note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)
etymology: the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that with Soviet Red Army help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s
geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
time zone note: Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)
etymology: the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that with Soviet Red Army help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s
Kasachstan
name: Astana
geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
time zone note: Kazakhstan has two time zones
etymology: the name means "capital city" in Kazakh
note: on 17 September 2022, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Nur-Sultan back to Astana; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a long-serving (28-year) former president, who subsequently fell out of favor
geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
time zone note: Kazakhstan has two time zones
etymology: the name means "capital city" in Kazakh
note: on 17 September 2022, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Nur-Sultan back to Astana; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a long-serving (28-year) former president, who subsequently fell out of favor
Citizenship
Irak
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Mongolei
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Kasachstan
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Legal system
Irak
mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law
Mongolei
civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts
Kasachstan
civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation
Suffrage
Irak
18 years of age; universal
Mongolei
18 years of age; universal
Kasachstan
18 years of age; universal
Area
Irak
total: 438,317 sq km
land: 437,367 sq km
water: 950 sq km
land: 437,367 sq km
water: 950 sq km
Mongolei
total: 1,564,116 sq km
land: 1,553,556 sq km
water: 10,560 sq km
land: 1,553,556 sq km
water: 10,560 sq km
Kasachstan
total: 2,724,900 sq km
land: 2,699,700 sq km
water: 25,200 sq km
land: 2,699,700 sq km
water: 25,200 sq km
Land use
Irak
agricultural land: 18.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)
other: 80% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)
other: 80% (2018 est.)
Mongolei
agricultural land: 73% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 72.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 7% (2018 est.)
other: 20% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 72.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 7% (2018 est.)
other: 20% (2018 est.)
Kasachstan
agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)
other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)
other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
Location
Irak
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Mongolei
Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Kasachstan
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
Age structure
Irak
0-14 years: 35.24% (male 7,428,445/female 7,113,723)
15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)
65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)
15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)
65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)
Mongolei
0-14 years: 26.16% (male 434,400/female 417,335)
15-64 years: 68.24% (male 1,076,692/female 1,144,759)
65 years and over: 5.6% (2023 est.) (male 73,245/female 109,037)
15-64 years: 68.24% (male 1,076,692/female 1,144,759)
65 years and over: 5.6% (2023 est.) (male 73,245/female 109,037)
Kasachstan
0-14 years: 25.26% (male 2386022/female 2,551,575)
15-64 years: 65.29% (male 6,226,792/female 6,533,887)
65 years and over: 9.44% (2023 est.) (male 660,397/female 1,184,791)
15-64 years: 65.29% (male 6,226,792/female 6,533,887)
65 years and over: 9.44% (2023 est.) (male 660,397/female 1,184,791)
Birth rate
Irak
24.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Mongolei
15.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Kasachstan
17.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Irak
3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Mongolei
6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Kasachstan
8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Irak
Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present; Iraqis have the right to be educated in their native language
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Mongolei
Mongolian 90% (official) (Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)
major-language sample(s):
Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Kasachstan
Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)
Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)
Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Life expectancy at birth
Irak
total population: 73.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 71.6 years
female: 75.4 years
male: 71.6 years
female: 75.4 years
Mongolei
total population: 71.7 years (2023 est.)
male: 67.5 years
female: 76 years
male: 67.5 years
female: 76 years
Kasachstan
total population: 73 years (2023 est.)
male: 68.7 years
female: 77.7 years
male: 68.7 years
female: 77.7 years
Major urban areas - population
Irak
7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)
Mongolei
1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)
Kasachstan
1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)
Median age
Irak
total: 22.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 21.7 years
female: 22.4 years
male: 21.7 years
female: 22.4 years
Mongolei
total: 31.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 29.9 years
female: 32.2 years
male: 29.9 years
female: 32.2 years
Kasachstan
total: 31.7 years (2023 est.)
male: 29.9 years
female: 33.5 years
male: 29.9 years
female: 33.5 years
Mongolei
20.5 years (2008 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24
Kasachstan
28.9 years (2019 est.)
Net migration rate
Irak
-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Mongolei
-0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Kasachstan
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Irak
population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited
Mongolei
sparsely distributed population throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities
Kasachstan
most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Population growth rate
Irak
1.94% (2023 est.)
Mongolei
0.83% (2023 est.)
Kasachstan
0.9% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Irak
3.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Mongolei
1.89 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Kasachstan
2.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Irak
urban population: 71.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Mongolei
urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Kasachstan
urban population: 58.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Irak
4.7% of GDP (2016)
Mongolei
4.7% of GDP (2020 est.)
Kasachstan
4.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Mongolei
total: 15 years
male: 14 years
female: 16 years (2019)
male: 14 years
female: 16 years (2019)
Kasachstan
total: 16 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2020)
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Irak
-4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Mongolei
-6.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Kasachstan
-1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Irak
-1.14% (2021 est.)
Mongolei
-2.22% (2021 est.)
Kasachstan
5.1% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Irak
11.184 million (2021 est.)
Mongolei
1.331 million (2021 est.)
Kasachstan
9.248 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Irak
23% (2014 est.)
Mongolei
28.4% (2018 est.)
Kasachstan
4.3% (2018 est.)
Unemployment rate
Irak
14.19% (2021 est.)
14.09% (2020 est.)
12.86% (2019 est.)
14.09% (2020 est.)
12.86% (2019 est.)
Mongolei
7.08% (2021 est.)
7.01% (2020 est.)
5.44% (2019 est.)
7.01% (2020 est.)
5.44% (2019 est.)
Kasachstan
4.9% (2021 est.)
4.89% (2020 est.)
4.8% (2019 est.)
4.89% (2020 est.)
4.8% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Irak
27.44% of GDP (2018 est.)
35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)
29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)
35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)
29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)
Mongolei
73.94% of GDP (2020 est.)
60.84% of GDP (2019 est.)
65.97% of GDP (2018 est.)
60.84% of GDP (2019 est.)
65.97% of GDP (2018 est.)
Kasachstan
26.63% of GDP (2020 est.)
18.48% of GDP (2019 est.)
21.99% of GDP (2018 est.)
18.48% of GDP (2019 est.)
21.99% of GDP (2018 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Irak
6.04% (2021 est.)
0.57% (2020 est.)
-0.2% (2019 est.)
0.57% (2020 est.)
-0.2% (2019 est.)
Mongolei
7.35% (2021 est.)
3.8% (2020 est.)
7.3% (2019 est.)
3.8% (2020 est.)
7.3% (2019 est.)
Kasachstan
6.75% (2020 est.)
5.25% (2019 est.)
6.02% (2018 est.)
5.25% (2019 est.)
6.02% (2018 est.)
Exports
Irak
$78.261 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Mongolei
$8.95 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$7.646 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$8.416 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$7.646 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$8.416 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Kasachstan
$66.132 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$52.355 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$65.919 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$52.355 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$65.919 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners
Irak
China 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)
Mongolei
China 73%, Switzerland 19%, Singapore 2%, South Korea 2%, Russia 1% (2021)
Kasachstan
China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)
Imports
Irak
$50.707 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Mongolei
$9.256 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$7.34 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$9.249 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$7.34 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$9.249 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Kasachstan
$49.196 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$46.218 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$52.539 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$46.218 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$52.539 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Irak
United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019)
Mongolei
China 37%, Russia 27%, Japan 7%, South Korea 5%, Germany 3% (2021)
Kasachstan
Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)
Airports
Irak
102 (2021)
Mongolei
44 (2021)
Kasachstan
96 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Irak
total: 6,254,099 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
Mongolei
total: 307,166 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)
Kasachstan
total: 2,620,400 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Irak
total: 21.56 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)
Mongolei
total: 2.772 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 84% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 84% (2021 est.)
Kasachstan
total: 17.29 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
Railways
Irak
total: 2,272 km (2014)
standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Mongolei
total: 1,815 km (2017)
broad gauge: 1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway
broad gauge: 1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge
note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway
Kasachstan
total: 16,636 km (2021)
broad gauge: 16,636 km (2021) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)
broad gauge: 16,636 km (2021) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)
Roadways
Irak
total: 59,623 km (2012)
paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)
paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)
Mongolei
total: 113,200 km (2017)
paved: 10,600 km (2017)
unpaved: 102,600 km (2017)
paved: 10,600 km (2017)
unpaved: 102,600 km (2017)
Kasachstan
total: 96,167 km (2021)
paved: 83,813 km (2021)
unpaved: 12,354 km (2021)
paved: 83,813 km (2021)
unpaved: 12,354 km (2021)
Telephones - fixed lines
Irak
total subscriptions: 3,048,736 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)
Mongolei
total subscriptions: 399,237 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2021 est.)
Kasachstan
total subscriptions: 2,997,400 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Irak
total subscriptions: 37,649,112 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)
Mongolei
total subscriptions: 4,687,304 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)
Kasachstan
total subscriptions: 24.323 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
Waterways
Irak
5,279 km (2012) (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways)
Mongolei
580 km (2010) (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice-free from May to September)
Kasachstan
43,983 km (2020) (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River)
Disputes - international
Irak
Iraq-Iran: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf
Iraq-Kuwait: undemarcated maritime boundary; Kuwait has called on Iraq to resolve the domestic legal status of the 2012 Kuwait-Iraq Agreement to regulate maritime navigation in Khor Abdullah and ensure that the agreement remains in force
Iraq-Turkey: Turkey maintains a military presence in northern Iraq to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) terrorist group; it periodically conducts air strikes and has conducted large military operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018, and smaller-scale operations in 2021 and 2022
Mongolei
none identified
Kasachstan
Kazakhstan-China: in 1998, Kazakhstan and China agreed to split two disputed border areas nearly evenly; demarcation with China completed in 2002
Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border
Kazakhstan-Russia: Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013
Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan signed a treaty on the delimitation and demarcation process in 2001; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to their border in the Caspian Sea in 2014
Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and planned to hold another meeting in April 2022
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