Daten & Fakten
Aserbaidschan
Australien
Portugal
Capital
Aserbaidschan
name: Baku (Baki, Baky)
geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world
geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world
Australien
name: Canberra
geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E
time difference: UTC+10 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April
time zone note: Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)
etymology: the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area "Nganbra" or "Nganbira"
geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E
time difference: UTC+10 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April
time zone note: Australia has four time zones, including Lord Howe Island (UTC+10:30)
etymology: the name is claimed to derive from either Kambera or Camberry, which are names corrupted from the original native designation for the area "Nganbra" or "Nganbira"
Portugal
name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)
etymology: Lisbon is one of Europe's oldest cities (the second oldest capital city after Athens) and the origin of the name is lost in time; it may have been founded as an ancient Celtic settlement that subsequently maintained close commercial relations with the Phoenicians (beginning about 1200 B.C.); the name of the settlement may have been derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River that runs through the city, Lisso or Lucio; the Romans named the city "Olisippo" when they took it from the Carthaginians in 205 B.C.; under the Visigoths the city name became "Ulixbona," under the Arabs it was "al-Ushbuna"; the medieval version of "Lissabona" became today's Lisboa
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Portugal has two time zones, including the Azores (UTC-1)
etymology: Lisbon is one of Europe's oldest cities (the second oldest capital city after Athens) and the origin of the name is lost in time; it may have been founded as an ancient Celtic settlement that subsequently maintained close commercial relations with the Phoenicians (beginning about 1200 B.C.); the name of the settlement may have been derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River that runs through the city, Lisso or Lucio; the Romans named the city "Olisippo" when they took it from the Carthaginians in 205 B.C.; under the Visigoths the city name became "Ulixbona," under the Arabs it was "al-Ushbuna"; the medieval version of "Lissabona" became today's Lisboa
Citizenship
Aserbaidschan
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Australien
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years
Portugal
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese-speaking country
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Portugal
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; 6 years if from a Portuguese-speaking country
Legal system
Aserbaidschan
civil law system
Australien
common law system based on the English model
Portugal
civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts
Suffrage
Aserbaidschan
18 years of age; universal
Australien
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Portugal
18 years of age; universal
Area
Aserbaidschan
total: 86,600 sq km
land: 82,629 sq km
water: 3,971 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
land: 82,629 sq km
water: 3,971 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
Australien
total: 7,741,220 sq km
land: 7,682,300 sq km
water: 58,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
land: 7,682,300 sq km
water: 58,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Portugal
total: 92,090 sq km
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Land use
Aserbaidschan
agricultural land: 57.6% (2018 est.)
arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
other: 31.1% (2018 est.)
Australien
agricultural land: 46.65% (2018 est.)
arable land: 4.03% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.04% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 42.58% (2018 est.)
forest: 17.42% (2018 est.)
other: 33.42% (2018 est.)
arable land: 4.03% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.04% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 42.58% (2018 est.)
forest: 17.42% (2018 est.)
other: 33.42% (2018 est.)
Portugal
agricultural land: 39.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)
forest: 37.8% (2018 est.)
other: 22.5% (2018 est.)
arable land: 11.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 7.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 20% (2018 est.)
forest: 37.8% (2018 est.)
other: 22.5% (2018 est.)
Location
Aserbaidschan
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range
Australien
Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Portugal
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
Age structure
Aserbaidschan
0-14 years: 21.78% (male 1,192,608/female 1,077,302)
15-64 years: 69.64% (male 3,619,341/female 3,637,494)
65 years and over: 8.58% (2023 est.) (male 356,184/female 537,586)
15-64 years: 69.64% (male 3,619,341/female 3,637,494)
65 years and over: 8.58% (2023 est.) (male 356,184/female 537,586)
Australien
0-14 years: 18.43% (male 2,515,636/female 2,359,859)
15-64 years: 64.89% (male 8,602,204/female 8,568,004)
65 years and over: 16.69% (2023 est.) (male 2,034,383/female 2,381,080)
15-64 years: 64.89% (male 8,602,204/female 8,568,004)
65 years and over: 16.69% (2023 est.) (male 2,034,383/female 2,381,080)
Portugal
0-14 years: 12.85% (male 672,673/female 641,409)
15-64 years: 65.18% (male 3,274,201/female 3,389,374)
65 years and over: 21.96% (2023 est.) (male 895,576/female 1,349,917)
15-64 years: 65.18% (male 3,274,201/female 3,389,374)
65 years and over: 21.96% (2023 est.) (male 895,576/female 1,349,917)
Birth rate
Aserbaidschan
11.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Australien
12.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Portugal
8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Aserbaidschan
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Australien
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Portugal
10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Aserbaidschan
Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: Russian is widely spoken
major-language sample(s):
Dünya fakt kitabı, əsas məlumatlar üçün əvəz olunmaz mənbədir (Azerbaijani)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: Russian is widely spoken
Australien
English 72%, Mandarin 2.7%, Arabic 1.4%, Vietnamese 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, other 15.7%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
note: data represent language spoken at home
note: data represent language spoken at home
Portugal
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)
Life expectancy at birth
Aserbaidschan
total population: 74.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 72.4 years
female: 77.8 years
male: 72.4 years
female: 77.8 years
Australien
total population: 83.3 years (2023 est.)
male: 81.1 years
female: 85.5 years
male: 81.1 years
female: 85.5 years
Portugal
total population: 81.7 years (2023 est.)
male: 78.6 years
female: 85 years
male: 78.6 years
female: 85 years
Major urban areas - population
Aserbaidschan
2.432 million BAKU (capital) (2023)
Australien
5.235 million Melbourne, 5.121 million Sydney, 2.505 million Brisbane, 2.118 million Perth, 1.367 million Adelaide, 472,000 CANBERRA (capital) (2023)
Portugal
3.001 million LISBON (capital), 1.325 million Porto (2023)
Median age
Aserbaidschan
total: 33.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 32.2 years
female: 35.4 years
male: 32.2 years
female: 35.4 years
Australien
total: 37.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 36.8 years
female: 39 years
male: 36.8 years
female: 39 years
Portugal
total: 46 years (2023 est.)
male: 44 years
female: 47.9 years
male: 44 years
female: 47.9 years
Mother's mean age at first birth
Aserbaidschan
24 years (2019 est.)
Australien
28.7 years (2019 est.)
Portugal
29.9 years (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
Aserbaidschan
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Australien
6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Portugal
1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Aserbaidschan
highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population
Australien
population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the east and southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback", has a very sparse population
Portugal
concentrations are primarily along or near the Atlantic coast; both Lisbon and the second largest city, Porto, are coastal cities
Population growth rate
Aserbaidschan
0.43% (2023 est.)
Australien
1.19% (2023 est.)
Portugal
-0.17% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Aserbaidschan
1.69 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Australien
1.73 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Portugal
1.44 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Aserbaidschan
urban population: 57.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh
Australien
urban population: 86.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island
rate of urbanization: 1.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island
Portugal
urban population: 67.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Aserbaidschan
4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)
Australien
6.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Portugal
5% of GDP (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Aserbaidschan
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2021)
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2021)
Australien
total: 21 years
male: 20 years
female: 22 years (2020)
male: 20 years
female: 22 years (2020)
Portugal
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Aserbaidschan
-1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Australien
-0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Portugal
-3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Aserbaidschan
1.95% (2021 est.)
Australien
-0.55% (2021 est.)
Portugal
5.63% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Aserbaidschan
4.919 million (2021 est.)
Australien
13.786 million (2021 est.)
Portugal
5.174 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Aserbaidschan
4.9% (2015 est.)
Portugal
17.2% (2018 est.)
Unemployment rate
Aserbaidschan
6.58% (2021 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
4.85% (2019 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
4.85% (2019 est.)
Australien
5.11% (2021 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
5.16% (2019 est.)
6.46% (2020 est.)
5.16% (2019 est.)
Portugal
6.65% (2021 est.)
6.79% (2020 est.)
6.46% (2019 est.)
6.79% (2020 est.)
6.46% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Aserbaidschan
54.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
50.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Australien
69.41% of GDP (2020 est.)
60.25% of GDP (2019 est.)
54.49% of GDP (2018 est.)
60.25% of GDP (2019 est.)
54.49% of GDP (2018 est.)
Portugal
125.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
129.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
129.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Aserbaidschan
6.65% (2021 est.)
2.76% (2020 est.)
2.61% (2019 est.)
2.76% (2020 est.)
2.61% (2019 est.)
Australien
2.86% (2021 est.)
0.85% (2020 est.)
1.61% (2019 est.)
0.85% (2020 est.)
1.61% (2019 est.)
Portugal
1.27% (2021 est.)
-0.01% (2020 est.)
0.34% (2019 est.)
-0.01% (2020 est.)
0.34% (2019 est.)
Exports
Aserbaidschan
$25.488 billion (2021 est.)
$15.209 billion (2020 est.)
$23.63 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
$15.209 billion (2020 est.)
$23.63 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Australien
$389.794 billion (2021 est.)
$300.77 billion (2020 est.)
$342.485 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
$300.77 billion (2020 est.)
$342.485 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Portugal
$105.648 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$85.128 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$104.846 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$85.128 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$104.846 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners
Aserbaidschan
Italy 28%, Turkey 15%, Israel 7%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2017)
Australien
China 40%, Japan 14%, South Korea 9%, India 6%, Taiwan 4% (2021)
Portugal
Spain 26%, France 12%, Germany 12%, United States 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2021)
Imports
Aserbaidschan
$16.337 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.538 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$17.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$15.538 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$17.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Australien
$298.712 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$250.178 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$295.504 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$250.178 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$295.504 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Portugal
$112.413 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$89.515 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$103.009 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$89.515 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$103.009 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Aserbaidschan
United Kingdom 17%, Russia 17%, Turkey 12%, China 6% (2019)
Australien
China 28%, United States 10%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, Thailand 5% (2021)
Portugal
Spain 31%, Germany 12%, France 6%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2021)
Airports
Aserbaidschan
23 (2021)
Australien
418 (2021)
Portugal
64 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Aserbaidschan
total: 1,995,474 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)
Australien
total: 9,099,619 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2020 est.)
Portugal
total: 4,160,795 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Aserbaidschan
total: 8.6 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
Australien
total: 24.96 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
Portugal
total: 8.2 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 82% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 82% (2021 est.)
Railways
Aserbaidschan
total: 2,944.3 km (2017)
broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)
broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)
Australien
total: 36,064 km (2022) 3,448 km electrified
standard gauge: 18,007 km (2022) 1.435 mm
narrow gauge: 11,914 km (2022) 1.067 mm
broad gauge: 2,685 km (2022) 1.600 mm
standard gauge: 18,007 km (2022) 1.435 mm
narrow gauge: 11,914 km (2022) 1.067 mm
broad gauge: 2,685 km (2022) 1.600 mm
Portugal
total: 2,526 km (2020) 1,696 km electrified
Roadways
Aserbaidschan
total: 24,981 km (2013)
note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.
note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.
Australien
total: 873,573 km (2015)
urban: 145,928 km (2015)
non-urban: 727,645 km (2015)
urban: 145,928 km (2015)
non-urban: 727,645 km (2015)
Portugal
total: 82,900 km (2008)
paved: 71,294 km (2008) (includes 2,613 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2008)
paved: 71,294 km (2008) (includes 2,613 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2008)
Telephones - fixed lines
Aserbaidschan
total subscriptions: 1,644,300 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
Australien
total subscriptions: 4.6 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2021 est.)
Portugal
total subscriptions: 5,318,750 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Aserbaidschan
total subscriptions: 10,817,071 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
Australien
total subscriptions: 27.09 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)
Portugal
total subscriptions: 12,476,165 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (2021 est.)
Australien
2,000 km (2011) (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling River systems)
Portugal
210 km (2011) (on Douro River from Porto)
Disputes - international
Aserbaidschan
Armenia-Azerbaijan: tensions existed for years over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan; Azerbaijan seized part of the enclave during six weeks of fighting in 2020 and the remainder in a short conflict in September 2023; in October 2023, Baku and Yerevan began preliminary discussions on a peace treaty, the demarcation of borders, and full normalization of relations; nevertheless, concerns persist in Armenia that Azerbaijan could invade in order to force the establishment of a transit corridor to the exclave of Naxicvan (Nakhichevan)
Azerbaijan-Georgia: a joint boundary commission agrees on most of the alignment, leaving only small areas at certain crossing points in dispute; consequently, the two states have yet to agree on a delimitation or demarcation of their common boundary; one area of contention is where the international boundary should run through the 6th-13th Century David-Gareja monastery complex
Azerbaijan-Iran: in recent years, tensions between Azerbajian and Iran have risen in part because of warming ties between Azerbaijan and Israel, and Baku's claims that Tehran has backed Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave
Azerbaijan-Russia: Russia has complained of cross-border smuggling
Azerbaijan-Turkey: none identified; as of 2023, Turkey and Armenia were discussing normalizing relations
Caspian Sea (Maritime Boundary): Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified the Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian
local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders
Australien
Australia-Indonesia: Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef
Portugal
Portugal-Spain: Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
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