Capital

Bangladesch

name: Dhaka

geographic coordinates: 23 43 N, 90 24 E

time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the origins of the name are unclear, but some sources state that the city's site was originally called "dhakka," meaning "watchtower," and that the area served as a watch-station for Bengal rulers

Panama

name: Panama City

geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from a former fishing area near the present capital - an indigenous village and its adjacent beach - that were called "panama" meaning "an abundance of fish"

Niederlande

name: Amsterdam; note - The Hague is the seat of government

geographic coordinates: 52 21 N, 4 55 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

time zone note: time descriptions apply to the continental Netherlands only, for the constituent countries in the Caribbean, the time difference is UTC-4

etymology: the original Dutch name, Amstellerdam, meaning "a dam on the Amstel River," dates to the 13th century; over time the name simplified to Amsterdam

Citizenship

Bangladesch

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bangladesh

dual citizenship recognized: yes, but limited to select countries

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Panama

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Niederlande

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Netherlands

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Legal system

Bangladesch

mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law

Panama

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice

Niederlande

civil law system based on the French system; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General

Suffrage

Bangladesch

18 years of age; universal

Panama

18 years of age; universal

Niederlande

18 years of age; universal

Area

Bangladesch

total: 148,460 sq km

land: 130,170 sq km

water: 18,290 sq km

Panama

total: 75,420 sq km

land: 74,340 sq km

water: 1,080 sq km

Niederlande

total: 41,543 sq km

land: 33,893 sq km

water: 7,650 sq km

Land use

Bangladesch

agricultural land: 70.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 59% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 6.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 4.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 11.1% (2018 est.)

other: 18.8% (2018 est.)

Panama

agricultural land: 30.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 2.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 20.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 43.6% (2018 est.)

other: 25.9% (2018 est.)

Niederlande

agricultural land: 55.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 29.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 24.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 10.8% (2018 est.)

other: 34.1% (2018 est.)

Location

Bangladesch

Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India

Panama

Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Niederlande

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Age structure

Bangladesch

0-14 years: 25.38% (male 21,587,699/female 20,846,378)

15-64 years: 67.09% (male 54,560,958/female 57,599,478)

65 years and over: 7.53% (2023 est.) (male 5,871,022/female 6,718,930)

Panama

0-14 years: 25.19% (male 569,439/female 540,143)

15-64 years: 64.87% (male 1,444,638/female 1,412,319)

65 years and over: 9.94% (2023 est.) (male 204,156/female 233,413)

Niederlande

0-14 years: 16.06% (male 1,436,601/female 1,368,697)

15-64 years: 63.08% (male 5,532,490/female 5,483,034)

65 years and over: 20.86% (2023 est.) (male 1,658,652/female 1,984,456)

Birth rate

Bangladesch

17.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Panama

17.7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Niederlande

10.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Bangladesch

5.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Panama

5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Niederlande

9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Bangladesch

Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s):

বিশ্ব ফ্যাক্টবুক, মৌলিক তথ্যের অপরিহার্য উৎস (Bangla)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Panama

Spanish (official), indigenous languages (including Ngabere (or Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (or Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (similar to Jamaican English Creole; a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere; also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese); note - many Panamanians are bilingual

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Niederlande

Dutch (official); note - Frisian is an official language in Fryslan province; Frisian, Low Saxon, Limburgish, Romani, and Yiddish have protected status under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages; Dutch is the official language of the three special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands; English is a recognized regional language on Sint Eustatius and Saba; Papiamento is a recognized regional language on Bonaire

major-language sample(s):
Het Wereld Feitenboek, een onmisbare bron van informatie. (Dutch)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Bangladesch

total population: 75 years (2023 est.)

male: 72.8 years

female: 77.2 years

Panama

total population: 78.4 years (2023 est.)

male: 75.6 years

female: 81.5 years

Niederlande

total population: 81.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.1 years

female: 83.3 years

Major urban areas - population

Bangladesch

23.210 million DHAKA (capital), 5.380 million Chittagong, 955,000 Khulna, 962,000 Rajshahi, 964,000 Sylhet, 906,000 Bogra (2023)

Panama

1.977 million PANAMA CITY (capital) (2023)

Niederlande

1.174 million AMSTERDAM (capital), 1.018 million Rotterdam (2023)

Median age

Bangladesch

total: 29.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 28.3 years

female: 30 years

Panama

total: 31.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 30.8 years

female: 31.6 years

Niederlande

total: 42.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 41 years

female: 43.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Bangladesch

18.6 years (2017/18 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Niederlande

30.2 years (2020 est.)

Net migration rate

Bangladesch

-2.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Panama

3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Niederlande

4.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Panama

population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited

Niederlande

an area known as the Randstad, anchored by the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, and Utrecht, is the most densely populated region; the north tends to be less dense, though sizeable communities can be found throughout the entire country

Population growth rate

Bangladesch

0.91% (2023 est.)

Panama

1.51% (2023 est.)

Niederlande

0.48% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Bangladesch

2.08 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Panama

2.37 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Niederlande

1.61 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Bangladesch

urban population: 40.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.88% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Panama

urban population: 69.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.92% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Niederlande

urban population: 93.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.59% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Bangladesch

2.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Panama

3.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Niederlande

5.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Bangladesch

total: 12 years

male: 12 years

female: 13 years (2020)

Panama

total: 13 years

male: 12 years

female: 13 years (2016)

Niederlande

total: 19 years

male: 18 years

female: 19 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Bangladesch

-3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Panama

-1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Niederlande

1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Bangladesch

10.29% (2021 est.)

Panama

37.5% (2021 est.)

Niederlande

4.93% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Bangladesch

70.961 million (2021 est.)

note: extensive migration of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia

Panama

1.966 million (2021 est.)

note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor

Niederlande

9.902 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Bangladesch

24.3% (2016 est.)

Panama

22.1% (2016 est.)

Niederlande

13.6% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate

Bangladesch

5.23% (2021 est.)

5.41% (2020 est.)

4.44% (2019 est.)

note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many persons counted as employed work only a few hours a week and at low wages

Panama

12.09% (2021 est.)

12.85% (2020 est.)

4.73% (2019 est.)

Niederlande

4.01% (2021 est.)

3.82% (2020 est.)

3.38% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Bangladesch

33.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

33.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Panama

37.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

37.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Niederlande

56.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

61.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Bangladesch

5.55% (2021 est.)

5.69% (2020 est.)

5.59% (2019 est.)

Panama

1.63% (2021 est.)

-1.55% (2020 est.)

-0.36% (2019 est.)

Niederlande

2.68% (2021 est.)

1.27% (2020 est.)

2.63% (2019 est.)

Exports

Bangladesch

$49.386 billion (2021 est.)

$38.476 billion (2020 est.)

$44.961 billion (2019 est.)

note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.

Panama

$27.237 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$20.179 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$28.622 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Niederlande

$839.6 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$712.3 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$751.2 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Bangladesch

United States 15%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 8%, Spain 7%, France 7% (2019)

Panama

Ecuador 20%, Guatemala 14%, China 8%, United States 6%, Netherlands 6% (2019)

Niederlande

Germany 20%, Belgium 12%, United Kingdom 9%, France 7%, United States 5% (2019)

Imports

Bangladesch

$85.303 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$56.776 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$64.234 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Panama

$24.627 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$17.502 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$27.599 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Niederlande

$735.7 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$620.5 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$662 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Bangladesch

China 31%, India 15%, Singapore 5% (2019)

Panama

China 21%, United States 19%, Japan 16%, Colombia 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019)

Niederlande

Germany 15%, China 11%, Belgium 9%, United States 8%, Russia 7%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)

Airports

Bangladesch

18 (2021)

Panama

117 (2021)

Niederlande

29 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Bangladesch

total: 10,052,819 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 6 (2020 est.)

Panama

total: 562,413 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2020 est.)

Niederlande

total: 7,525,016 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 44 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Bangladesch

total: 66.3 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 39% (2021 est.)

Panama

total: 2.992 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 68% (2021 est.)

Niederlande

total: 16.56 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 92% (2021 est.)

Railways

Bangladesch

total: 2,460 km (2014)

narrow gauge: 1,801 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge

broad gauge: 659 km (2014) 1.676-m gauge

Panama

total: 77 km (2014)

standard gauge: 77 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

Niederlande

total: 3,055 km (2020) 2,310 km electrified

Roadways

Bangladesch

total: 369,105 km (2018)

paved: 110,311 km (2018)

unpaved: 258,794 km (2018)

Niederlande

total: 139,124 km (2016) (includes 3,654 km of expressways)

Telephones - fixed lines

Bangladesch

total subscriptions: 587,476 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0 (2021 est.) less than 1

Panama

total subscriptions: 790,486 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2021 est.)

Niederlande

total subscriptions: 5.024 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Bangladesch

total subscriptions: 181,021,227 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2021 est.)

Panama

total subscriptions: 6,003,255 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 138 (2021 est.)

Niederlande

total subscriptions: 21.888 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 125 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Bangladesch

8,370 km (2011) (includes up to 3,060 km of main cargo routes; network reduced to 5,200 km in the dry season)

Panama

800 km (2011) (includes the 82-km Panama Canal that is being widened)

Niederlande

6,237 km (2012) (navigable by ships up to 50 tons)

Disputes - international

Bangladesch

Bangladesh-Burma: the border area has historically been an area of conflict and instability; militants, particularly ethnic armed groups (EAGs) from Burma, continue to operate in the border region and conduct illegal crossings, and both countries maintain considerable numbers of security personnel along the border; Burmese military forces actively conduct operations against EAGs; in 2022, Burmese artillery struck Bangladesh territory several times during military operations against Arakan Army rebels inside Rakhine; as of 2017, Burmese border authorities had constructed about 130 miles of border fencing and had planned to fence off the remainder of the border

Bangladesh-India: Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over un-demarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented

Panama

Panama-Colombia: organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the remote border region with Panama

Panama-Costa Rica: none identified

Niederlande

none identified