Capital

Finnland

name: Helsinki

geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish helsing, an archaic name for "neck" (hals), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; fors refers to "rapids," so helsing fors meaning becomes "the narrows' rapids"

Irak

name: Baghdad

geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"

Kanada

name: Ottawa

geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

time zone note: Canada has six time zones

etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

Citizenship

Finnland

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Irak

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Kanada

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Legal system

Finnland

civil law system based on the Swedish model

Irak

mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law

Kanada

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Suffrage

Finnland

18 years of age; universal

Irak

18 years of age; universal

Kanada

18 years of age; universal

Area

Finnland

total: 338,145 sq km

land: 303,815 sq km

water: 34,330 sq km

Irak

total: 438,317 sq km

land: 437,367 sq km

water: 950 sq km

Kanada

total: 9,984,670 sq km

land: 9,093,507 sq km

water: 891,163 sq km

Land use

Finnland

agricultural land: 7.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 72.9% (2018 est.)

other: 19.6% (2018 est.)

Irak

agricultural land: 18.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)

other: 80% (2018 est.)

Kanada

agricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)

arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)

other: 59.1% (2018 est.)

Location

Finnland

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Irak

Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait

Kanada

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Age structure

Finnland

0-14 years: 16.25% (male 466,311/female 446,015)

15-64 years: 60.5% (male 1,726,110/female 1,670,981)

65 years and over: 23.25% (2023 est.) (male 575,259/female 729,895)

Irak

0-14 years: 35.24% (male 7,428,445/female 7,113,723)

15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)

65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)

Kanada

0-14 years: 15.65% (male 3,097,585/female 2,930,056)

15-64 years: 63.85% (male 12,367,172/female 12,224,077)

65 years and over: 20.5% (2023 est.) (male 3,630,580/female 4,267,266)

Birth rate

Finnland

10.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

24.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Kanada

10.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Finnland

10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Kanada

8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Finnland

Finnish (official) 86.5%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.6%, other 6.7% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s):
World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Irak

Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present; Iraqis have the right to be educated in their native language

major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Kanada

English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

Life expectancy at birth

Finnland

total population: 82 years (2023 est.)

male: 79.1 years

female: 85 years

Irak

total population: 73.5 years (2023 est.)

male: 71.6 years

female: 75.4 years

Kanada

total population: 84 years (2023 est.)

male: 81.7 years

female: 86.4 years

Major urban areas - population

Finnland

1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)

Irak

7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)

Kanada

6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

Median age

Finnland

total: 43.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 41.7 years

female: 44.8 years

Irak

total: 22.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 21.7 years

female: 22.4 years

Kanada

total: 42.4 years (2023 est.)

male: 41.2 years

female: 43.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Finnland

29.5 years (2020 est.)

Kanada

29.4 years (2019 est.)

Net migration rate

Finnland

2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Kanada

5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Finnland

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Irak

population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited

Kanada

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Population growth rate

Finnland

0.22% (2023 est.)

Irak

1.94% (2023 est.)

Kanada

0.73% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Finnland

1.74 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Irak

3.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Kanada

1.57 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Finnland

urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Irak

urban population: 71.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Kanada

urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Finnland

5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Irak

4.7% of GDP (2016)

Kanada

5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Finnland

total: 19 years

male: 18 years

female: 20 years (2020)

Kanada

total: 17 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Finnland

-0.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Irak

-4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Kanada

-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Finnland

2.77% (2021 est.)

Irak

-1.14% (2021 est.)

Kanada

4.74% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Finnland

2.82 million (2021 est.)

Irak

11.184 million (2021 est.)

Kanada

21.017 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Finnland

12.2% (2019 est.)

Irak

23% (2014 est.)

Kanada

9.4% (2008 est.)

note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Unemployment rate

Finnland

7.53% (2021 est.)

7.76% (2020 est.)

6.69% (2019 est.)

Irak

14.19% (2021 est.)

14.09% (2020 est.)

12.86% (2019 est.)

Kanada

7.51% (2021 est.)

9.46% (2020 est.)

5.66% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Finnland

61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

62.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Irak

27.44% of GDP (2018 est.)

35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)

29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)

Kanada

72.09% of GDP (2020 est.)

48.01% of GDP (2019 est.)

48.18% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Finnland

2.19% (2021 est.)

0.29% (2020 est.)

1.02% (2019 est.)

Irak

6.04% (2021 est.)

0.57% (2020 est.)

-0.2% (2019 est.)

Kanada

3.4% (2021 est.)

0.72% (2020 est.)

1.95% (2019 est.)

Exports

Finnland

$116.905 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$97.789 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$107.084 billion (2019 est.)

Irak

$78.261 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Kanada

$611.146 billion (2021 est.)

$484.226 billion (2020 est.)

$561.63 billion (2019 est.)

note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.

Exports - partners

Finnland

Germany 13%, Sweden 9%, United States 8%, Netherlands 6%, China 6% (2021)

Irak

China 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)

Kanada

US 73% (2019)

Imports

Finnland

$116.277 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$97.037 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$106.664 billion (2019 est.)

Irak

$50.707 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Kanada

$609.256 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$517.964 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$589.037 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Finnland

Germany 16%, Sweden 15%, Russia 11%, China 7%, Netherlands 7% (2021)

Irak

United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019)

Kanada

US 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)

Airports

Finnland

148 (2021)

Irak

102 (2021)

Kanada

1,467 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Finnland

total: 1.846 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2020 est.)

Irak

total: 6,254,099 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)

Kanada

total: 15,825,813 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Finnland

total: 5.115 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 93% (2021 est.)

Irak

total: 21.56 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)

Kanada

total: 35.34 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 93% (2021 est.)

Railways

Finnland

total: 5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified

Irak

total: 2,272 km (2014)

standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

Kanada

total: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)

standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Roadways

Finnland

total: 454,000 km (2012)

highways: 78,000 km (2012) (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved)

private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012)

urban: 26,000 km (2012)

Irak

total: 59,623 km (2012)

paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)

Kanada

total: 1,042,300 km (2011)

paved: 415,600 km (2011) (includes 17,000 km of expressways)

unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

Finnland

total subscriptions: 207,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2021 est.)

Irak

total subscriptions: 3,048,736 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)

Kanada

total subscriptions: 12.928 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Finnland

total subscriptions: 7.15 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2021 est.)

Irak

total subscriptions: 37,649,112 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)

Kanada

total subscriptions: 32.723 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Finnland

8,000 km (2013) (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways

Irak

5,279 km (2012) (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways)

Kanada

636 km (2011) (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States)

Disputes - international

Finnland

various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Irak

Iraq-Iran: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf

Iraq-Kuwait: undemarcated maritime boundary; Kuwait has called on Iraq to resolve the domestic legal status of the 2012 Kuwait-Iraq Agreement to regulate maritime navigation in Khor Abdullah and ensure that the agreement remains in force 

Iraq-Turkey: Turkey maintains a military presence in northern Iraq to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) terrorist group; it periodically conducts air strikes and has conducted large military operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018, and smaller-scale operations in 2021 and 2022 

Kanada

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea