Daten & Fakten
Frankreich
Dominikanische Republik
Singapur
Capital
Frankreich
name: Paris
geographic coordinates: 48 52 N, 2 20 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion
etymology: name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris
geographic coordinates: 48 52 N, 2 20 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion
etymology: name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris
Dominican Republic
name: Santo Domingo
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 69 54 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named after Saint Dominic de GUZMAN (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 69 54 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named after Saint Dominic de GUZMAN (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order
Singapur
name: Singapore
geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pura (city), thus creating the city's epithet "lion city"
geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name derives from the Sanskrit words simha (lion) and pura (city), thus creating the city's epithet "lion city"
Citizenship
Frankreich
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of France
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of France
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Dominican Republic
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Dominican Republic
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Dominican Republic
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years
Singapur
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Singapore
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Singapore
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Legal system
Frankreich
civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts
Dominican Republic
civil law system based on the French civil code; Criminal Procedures Code modified in 2004 to include important elements of an accusatory system
Singapur
English common law
Suffrage
Frankreich
18 years of age; universal
Dominican Republic
18 years of age; universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age can vote; note - members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote
Singapur
21 years of age; universal and compulsory
Area
Frankreich
total: 643,801 sq km ; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)
land: 640,427 sq km ; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)
water: 3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)
note: the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion
land: 640,427 sq km ; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)
water: 3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)
note: the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion
Dominican Republic
total: 48,670 sq km
land: 48,320 sq km
water: 350 sq km
land: 48,320 sq km
water: 350 sq km
Singapur
total: 719 sq km
land: 709.2 sq km
water: 10 sq km
land: 709.2 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Land use
Frankreich
agricultural land: 52.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)
forest: 29.2% (2018 est.)
other: 18.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)
forest: 29.2% (2018 est.)
other: 18.1% (2018 est.)
Dominican Republic
agricultural land: 51.5% (2018 est.)
arable land: 16.6% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 24.8% (2018 est.)
forest: 40.8% (2018 est.)
other: 7.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 16.6% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 10.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 24.8% (2018 est.)
forest: 40.8% (2018 est.)
other: 7.7% (2018 est.)
Singapur
agricultural land: 1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 3.3% (2018 est.)
other: 95.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 0.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 3.3% (2018 est.)
other: 95.7% (2018 est.)
Location
Frankreich
metropolitan France: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain;
French Guiana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname;
Guadeloupe: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico;
Martinique: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago;
Mayotte: Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique;
Reunion: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar
Dominican Republic
Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti
Singapur
Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
Age structure
Frankreich
0-14 years: 18.04% (male 6,322,021/female 6,040,773)
15-64 years: 60.53% (male 20,846,592/female 20,632,418)
65 years and over: 21.42% (2023 est.) (male 6,409,883/female 8,270,287)
15-64 years: 60.53% (male 20,846,592/female 20,632,418)
65 years and over: 21.42% (2023 est.) (male 6,409,883/female 8,270,287)
Dominican Republic
0-14 years: 25.92% (male 1,422,186/female 1,374,991)
15-64 years: 67.09% (male 3,675,934/female 3,563,597)
65 years and over: 6.99% (2023 est.) (male 355,069/female 398,967)
15-64 years: 67.09% (male 3,675,934/female 3,563,597)
65 years and over: 6.99% (2023 est.) (male 355,069/female 398,967)
Singapur
0-14 years: 14.82% (male 458,019/female 427,364)
15-64 years: 71.49% (male 2,148,471/female 2,123,102)
65 years and over: 13.7% (2023 est.) (male 379,373/female 439,054)
15-64 years: 71.49% (male 2,148,471/female 2,123,102)
65 years and over: 13.7% (2023 est.) (male 379,373/female 439,054)
Birth rate
Frankreich
10.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Dominican Republic
17.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Singapur
8.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Frankreich
9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Dominican Republic
7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Singapur
4.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Frankreich
French (official) 100%, declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard); note - overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Dominican Republic
Spanish (official)
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Singapur
English (official) 48.3%, Mandarin (official) 29.9%, other Chinese dialects (includes Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka) 8.7%, Malay (official) 9.2%, Tamil (official) 2.5%, other 1.4%; note - data represent language most frequently spoken at home (2020 est.)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
世界概況 – 不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
世界概況 – 不可缺少的基本消息來源 (Mandarin)
Life expectancy at birth
Frankreich
total population: 82.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 79.7 years
female: 85.5 years
male: 79.7 years
female: 85.5 years
Dominican Republic
total population: 71.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 70.3 years
female: 73.5 years
male: 70.3 years
female: 73.5 years
Singapur
total population: 86.5 years (2023 est.)
male: 83.8 years
female: 89.3 years
male: 83.8 years
female: 89.3 years
Major urban areas - population
Frankreich
11.208 million PARIS (capital), 1.761 million Lyon, 1.628 million Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, 1.079 million Lille, 1.060 million Toulouse, 1.000 million Bordeaux (2023)
Dominican Republic
3.524 million SANTO DOMINGO (capital) (2023)
Singapur
6.081 million SINGAPORE (capital) (2023)
Median age
Frankreich
total: 42.4 years (2023 est.)
male: 40.9 years
female: 44 years
male: 40.9 years
female: 44 years
Dominican Republic
total: 28.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 28.7 years
female: 29 years
male: 28.7 years
female: 29 years
Singapur
total: 38.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 37.7 years
female: 40.1 years
male: 37.7 years
female: 40.1 years
Mother's mean age at first birth
Frankreich
28.9 years (2020 est.)
Dominican Republic
20.9 years (2013 est.)
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49
Singapur
30.5 years (2015 est.)
note: data represents median age
note: data represents median age
Net migration rate
Frankreich
1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Dominican Republic
-2.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Singapur
4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Frankreich
much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second
Dominican Republic
coastal development is significant, especially in the southern coastal plains and the Cibao Valley, where population density is highest; smaller population clusters exist in the interior mountains (Cordillera Central)
Singapur
most of the urbanization is along the southern coast, with relatively dense population clusters found in the central areas
Population growth rate
Frankreich
0.21% (2023 est.)
Dominican Republic
0.73% (2023 est.)
Singapur
0.9% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Frankreich
1.9 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Dominican Republic
2.13 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Singapur
1.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Frankreich
urban population: 81.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Dominican Republic
urban population: 84.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.64% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Singapur
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Frankreich
5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Dominican Republic
4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
Singapur
2.8% of GDP (2021 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Frankreich
total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2020)
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2020)
Dominican Republic
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 15 years (2017)
male: 13 years
female: 15 years (2017)
Singapur
total: 17 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2020)
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Frankreich
-2.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Dominican Republic
-3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Singapur
-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Frankreich
6.98% (2021 est.)
Dominican Republic
15.89% (2021 est.)
Singapur
13.32% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Frankreich
31.132 million (2021 est.)
Dominican Republic
5.027 million (2021 est.)
Singapur
3.29 million (2021 est.)
note: excludes non-residents
note: excludes non-residents
Population below poverty line
Frankreich
13.6% (2018 est.)
Dominican Republic
21% (2019 est.)
Singapur
NA
Unemployment rate
Frankreich
8.06% (2021 est.)
8.01% (2020 est.)
8.41% (2019 est.)
note: includes overseas territories
8.01% (2020 est.)
8.41% (2019 est.)
note: includes overseas territories
Dominican Republic
8.5% (2021 est.)
6.13% (2020 est.)
6.36% (2019 est.)
6.13% (2020 est.)
6.36% (2019 est.)
Singapur
3.62% (2021 est.)
4.1% (2020 est.)
3.1% (2019 est.)
4.1% (2020 est.)
3.1% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Frankreich
123.01% of GDP (2020 est.)
104.99% of GDP (2019 est.)
101.62% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
104.99% of GDP (2019 est.)
101.62% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Dominican Republic
37.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
34.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
34.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
Singapur
153.41% of GDP (2020 est.)
128.31% of GDP (2019 est.)
110.73% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt
128.31% of GDP (2019 est.)
110.73% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: Singapore's public debt consists largely of Singapore Government Securities (SGS) issued to assist the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which administers Singapore's defined contribution pension fund; special issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and are non-tradable; the government has not borrowed to finance deficit expenditures since the 1980s; Singapore has no external public debt
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Frankreich
1.64% (2021 est.)
0.48% (2020 est.)
1.11% (2019 est.)
0.48% (2020 est.)
1.11% (2019 est.)
Dominican Republic
8.24% (2021 est.)
3.78% (2020 est.)
1.81% (2019 est.)
3.78% (2020 est.)
1.81% (2019 est.)
Singapur
2.3% (2021 est.)
-0.18% (2020 est.)
0.57% (2019 est.)
-0.18% (2020 est.)
0.57% (2019 est.)
Exports
Frankreich
$920.864 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$751.384 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$892.016 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$751.384 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$892.016 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Dominican Republic
$20.509 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$14.889 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.509 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$14.889 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.509 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Singapur
$733.782 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$627.442 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$658.127 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$627.442 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$658.127 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners
Frankreich
Germany 13%, Italy 8%, Belgium 8%, United States 7%, Spain 7% (2021)
Dominican Republic
United States 51%, Haiti 7%, Switzerland 7%, India 5%, Netherlands 3% (2021)
Singapur
China 16%, Hong Kong 16%, United States 8%, Malaysia 9%, Indonesia 5% (2021)
Imports
Frankreich
$957.717 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$796.353 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$916.214 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$796.353 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$916.214 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Dominican Republic
$28.541 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.302 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$24.526 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.302 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$24.526 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Singapur
$609.28 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$517.967 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$550.209 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$517.967 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$550.209 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Frankreich
Germany 17%, Italy 9%, Belgium 9%, Spain 8%, Netherlands 8% (2021)
Dominican Republic
United States 42%, China 19%, Spain 3%, Brazil 3%, Mexico 3% (2021)
Singapur
China 15%, Malaysia 14%, Taiwan 9%, United States 9%, Japan 5% (2021)
Airports
Frankreich
464 (2021)
Dominican Republic
36 (2021)
Singapur
9 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Frankreich
total: 30.627 million (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
Dominican Republic
total: 1,031,858 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2020 est.)
Singapur
total: 1,509,700 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Frankreich
total: 55.9 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)
Dominican Republic
total: 9.35 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 85% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 85% (2021 est.)
Singapur
total: 5.369 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
Railways
Frankreich
total: 27,860 km (2020) 16,660 km electrified
narrow gauge: -5 km
narrow gauge: -5 km
Dominican Republic
total: 496 km (2014)
standard gauge: 354 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 142 km (2014) 0.762-m gauge
standard gauge: 354 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 142 km (2014) 0.762-m gauge
Roadways
Frankreich
total: 1,053,215 km (2011)
urban: 654,201 km (2011)
non-urban: 399,014 km (2011)
urban: 654,201 km (2011)
non-urban: 399,014 km (2011)
Dominican Republic
total: 19,705 km (2002)
paved: 9,872 km (2002)
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)
paved: 9,872 km (2002)
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)
Singapur
total: 3,500 km (2017)
paved: 3,500 km (2017) (includes 164 km of expressways)
paved: 3,500 km (2017) (includes 164 km of expressways)
Telephones - fixed lines
Frankreich
total subscriptions: 38 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 59 (2021 est.)
Dominican Republic
total subscriptions: 1,154,670 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2021 est.)
Singapur
total subscriptions: 1,887,500 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Frankreich
total subscriptions: 73 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2021 est.)
Dominican Republic
total subscriptions: 9,735,351 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2021 est.)
Singapur
total subscriptions: 8,660,700 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 146 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 146 (2021 est.)
Waterways
Frankreich
metropolitan France: 8,501 km (1,621 km navigable by craft up to 3,000 metric tons) (2010)
Disputes - international
Frankreich
Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic-Haiti: unauthorized migration and smuggling from impoverished and unstable Haiti has led to occasional border tensions and increased security by the Dominican Republic, including the construction of a fence and the deployment of military troops
Singapur
piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Singapore-Indonesia: Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; subsequent treaties were signed in 2009 (ratified in 2010) and 2014 (ratified in 2017) settling the two countries’ boundaries in the Singapore Strait
Singapore-Malaysia: disputes with Malaysia over territorial waters, airspace, the price of fresh water delivered to Singapore from Malaysia, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, the International Court of Justice awarded sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but did not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge, which is only visible at low tide
https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/singapore-and-indonesia-signed-landmark-maritime-boundary-treaty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Singapore_border
https://www.iseas.edu.sg/media/commentaries/indonesia-ratifies-maritime-border-treaty-with-singapore-a-commentary-by-mustafa-izzuddin/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-in-transition/Singapore-and-Malaysia-make-major-breakthrough-in-maritime-dispute
https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/the-1962-johor-singapore-water-agreement-lessons-learned/
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