Capital

Griechenland

name: Athens

geographic coordinates: 37 59 N, 23 44 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: Athens is the oldest European capital city; according to tradition, the city is named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom; in actuality, the appellation probably derives from a lost name in a pre-Hellenic language

Tschechien

name: Prague geographic coordinates: 50 05 N, 14 28 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name likely derives from an old Slavic root "praga" or "prah", meaning "ford", and refers to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava (Moldau) River

Kasachstan

name: Astana

geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E

time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note: Kazakhstan has two time zones

etymology: the name means "capital city" in Kazakh


note: on 17 September 2022, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Nur-Sultan back to Astana; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, Astana in 1998, and Nur-Sultan in 2019; the latest name change occurred just three and a half years after the city was renamed to honor a long-serving (28-year) former president, who subsequently fell out of favor

Citizenship

Griechenland

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Greece

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Tschechien

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Kasachstan

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Tschechien

parliamentary republic

Legal system

Griechenland

civil legal system based on Roman law

Tschechien

new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 - based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory - and reintroducing former Czech legal terminology

Kasachstan

civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation

Suffrage

Griechenland

17 years of age; universal and compulsory

Tschechien

18 years of age; universal

Kasachstan

18 years of age; universal

Area

Griechenland

total: 131,957 sq km

land: 130,647 sq km

water: 1,310 sq km

Tschechien

total: 78,867 sq km land: 77,247 sq km water: 1,620 sq km

Kasachstan

total: 2,724,900 sq km

land: 2,699,700 sq km

water: 25,200 sq km

Land use

Griechenland

agricultural land: 63.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 34.8% (2018 est.)

forest: 30.5% (2018 est.)

other: 6.1% (2018 est.)

Tschechien

agricultural land: 54.8% (2011 est.) arable land: 41% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 1% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 12.8% (2011 est.) forest: 34.4% (2011 est.) other: 10.8% (2011 est.)

Kasachstan

agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Location

Griechenland

Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Tschechien

Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria

Kasachstan

Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe

Age structure

Griechenland

0-14 years: 14.02% (male 758,311/female 713,794)

15-64 years: 62.66% (male 3,285,484/female 3,292,524)

65 years and over: 23.31% (2023 est.) (male 1,086,188/female 1,361,294)

Tschechien

0-14 years: 15.21% (male 834,800 /female 790,128) 15-24 years: 9.34% (male 514,728 /female 483,546) 25-54 years: 43.79% (male 2,404,724 /female 2,275,309) 55-64 years: 12.24% (male 638,130 /female 669,959) 65 years and over: 19.42% (male 865,455 /female 1,209,490) (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

0-14 years: 25.26% (male 2386022/female 2,551,575)

15-64 years: 65.29% (male 6,226,792/female 6,533,887)

65 years and over: 9.44% (2023 est.) (male 660,397/female 1,184,791)

Birth rate

Griechenland

7.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tschechien

9.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

17.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Griechenland

12 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tschechien

10.50

Kasachstan

8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Griechenland

Greek (official) 99%, other (includes English and French) 1%

major-language sample(s):
Το Παγκόσμιο Βιβλίο Δεδομένων, η απαραίτητη πηγή βασικών πληροφοριών. (Greek)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Tschechien

Czech (official) 95.4%, Slovak 1.6%, other 3% (2011 census)

Kasachstan

Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)

Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Griechenland

total population: 81.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 79.2 years

female: 84.4 years

Tschechien

78.90

Kasachstan

total population: 73 years (2023 est.)

male: 68.7 years

female: 77.7 years

Major urban areas - population

Griechenland

3.154 million ATHENS (capital), 815,000 Thessaloniki (2023)

Tschechien

1.292 million PRAGUE (capital) (2018)

Kasachstan

1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023)

Median age

Griechenland

total: 46.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 44.3 years

female: 47.9 years

Tschechien

total: 42.5 years male: 41.2 years female: 43.8 years (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

total: 31.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 29.9 years

female: 33.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Griechenland

30.7 years (2020 est.)

Tschechien

28.1 years (2014 est.)

Kasachstan

28.9 years (2019 est.)

Net migration rate

Griechenland

1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Tschechien

2.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Griechenland

one-third of the population lives in and around metropolitan Athens; the remainder of the country has moderate population density mixed with sizeable urban clusters

Tschechien

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations

Kasachstan

most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country

Population growth rate

Griechenland

-0.35% (2023 est.)

Tschechien

0.1% (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

0.9% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Griechenland

1.4 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Tschechien

1.46 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Kasachstan

2.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Griechenland

urban population: 80.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Tschechien

rate of urbanization: 0.21% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Kasachstan

urban population: 58.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Griechenland

4.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Tschechien

5.80

Kasachstan

4.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Griechenland

total: 20 years

male: 20 years

female: 20 years (2020)

Tschechien

female: 18 years (2016)

Kasachstan

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2020)

Tschechien

4.30

Tschechien

26.90

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Griechenland

0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Tschechien

1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Kasachstan

-1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Tschechien

$375,900,000,000

Industrial production growth rate

Griechenland

10.67% (2021 est.)

Tschechien

7.50

Kasachstan

5.1% (2021 est.)

Tschechien

7.9

Tschechien

$35,500

Tschechien

5,427,000

Tschechien

2.90

Labor force

Griechenland

4.619 million (2021 est.)

Tschechien

5,427,000

Kasachstan

9.248 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Griechenland

17.9% (2018 est.)

Tschechien

9.7% (2015 est.)

Kasachstan

4.3% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Griechenland

14.8% (2021 est.)

16.3% (2020 est.)

17.31% (2019 est.)

Tschechien

2.9% (2017 est.) 3.9% (2016 est.)

Kasachstan

4.9% (2021 est.)

4.89% (2020 est.)

4.8% (2019 est.)

Tschechien

total: 7.9% male: 7.4% female: 8.7% (2017 est.)

Tschechien

34.70

Public debt

Griechenland

252.29% of GDP (2020 est.)

212.38% of GDP (2019 est.)

208.84% of GDP (2018 est.)

Tschechien

34.70

Kasachstan

26.63% of GDP (2020 est.)

18.48% of GDP (2019 est.)

21.99% of GDP (2018 est.)

Tschechien

2.40

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Griechenland

1.22% (2021 est.)

-1.25% (2020 est.)

0.25% (2019 est.)

Tschechien

2.40

Kasachstan

6.75% (2020 est.)

5.25% (2019 est.)

6.02% (2018 est.)

Tschechien

0.05

Tschechien

0.05

Tschechien

$144,800,000,000

Exports

Griechenland

$87.521 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$59.022 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$81.184 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Tschechien

$144,800,000,000

Kasachstan

$66.132 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$52.355 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$65.919 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Griechenland

Italy 10%, Germany 7%, Turkey 5%, Cyprus 5%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)

Tschechien

Germany 32.8%, Slovakia 7.8%, Poland 6.1%, France 5.1%, UK 4.9%, Austria 4.4%, Italy 4.1% (2017)

Kasachstan

China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Tschechien

$134,700,000,000

Imports

Griechenland

$103.532 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$71.758 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$83.192 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Tschechien

$134,700,000,000

Kasachstan

$49.196 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$46.218 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$52.539 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Griechenland

Germany 11%, China 9%, Italy 8%, Iraq 7%, Russia 6%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Tschechien

Germany 29.8%, Poland 9.1%, China 7.4%, Slovakia 5.8%, Netherlands 5.3%, Italy 4% (2017)

Kasachstan

Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)

Tschechien

$185,600,000,000

Tschechien

$54,390,000,000

Tschechien

$54.39 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $43.09 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Tschechien

$185,600,000,000

Tschechien

77,390,000,000

Tschechien

62,340,000,000

Tschechien

24,790,000,000

Tschechien

13,820,000,000

Tschechien

2,000

Tschechien

446

Tschechien

155,900

Tschechien

229,400,000

Tschechien

2017 est.

Tschechien

8,891,000,000

Tschechien

1,616,631

Tschechien

12,634,937

Tschechien

8,141,303

Tschechien

3,060,597

Tschechien

128

Tschechien

9,622

Tschechien

130,661

Tschechien

664

Airports

Griechenland

77 (2021)

Tschechien

128

Kasachstan

96 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Griechenland

total: 4,257,026 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2020 est.)

Tschechien

total: 3,060,597 (2017 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2017 est.)

Kasachstan

total: 2,620,400 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est.)

Tschechien

446

Tschechien

155,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Tschechien

2,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Tschechien

62,340,000,000

Tschechien

24,790,000,000

Tschechien

13,820,000,000

Tschechien

77,390,000,000

Internet users

Griechenland

total: 7.8 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 78% (2021 est.)

Tschechien

total: 8,141,303 (July 2016 est.)

Kasachstan

total: 17.29 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)

Tschechien

0

Tschechien

8.891 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Tschechien

229.4 million cu m (2017 est.)

Railways

Griechenland

total: 2,345 km (2020) 731 km electrified

Tschechien

total: 9,408 km (2017) standard gauge: 9,385 km 1.435-m gauge (3,218 km electrified) (2017) narrow gauge: 10,223 km 0.760-m gauge (2017)

Kasachstan

total: 16,636 km (2021)

broad gauge: 16,636 km (2021) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)

Roadways

Griechenland

total: 117,000 km (2018)

Tschechien

55,744

Kasachstan

total: 96,167 km (2021)

paved: 83,813 km (2021)

unpaved: 12,354 km (2021)

Telephones - fixed lines

Griechenland

total subscriptions: 4,913,036 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2021 est.)

Tschechien

total subscriptions: 1,616,631 (2017 est.) subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2017 est.)

Kasachstan

total subscriptions: 2,997,400 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Griechenland

total subscriptions: 11,494,008 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2021 est.)

Tschechien

12,634,937

Kasachstan

total subscriptions: 24.323 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Griechenland

6 km (2012) (the 6-km-long Corinth Canal crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; it shortens a sea voyage by 325 km)

Tschechien

664

Kasachstan

43,983 km (2020) (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River)

Disputes - international

Griechenland

Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Greece has a security wall along a portion of its land border with Turkey to deter border crossings by migrants and has announced intentions to extend the wall along the entire border

Tschechien

none

Kasachstan

Kazakhstan-China: in 1998, Kazakhstan and China agreed to split two disputed border areas nearly evenly; demarcation with China completed in 2002

Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border

Kazakhstan-Russia: Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013

Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan signed a treaty on the delimitation and demarcation process in 2001; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to their border in the Caspian Sea in 2014

Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and planned to hold another meeting in April 2022