Capital

Israel

name: Jerusalem; note - the US recognized Jerusalem as Israel’s capital in December 2017 without taking a position on the specific boundaries of Israeli sovereignty

geographic coordinates: 31 46 N, 35 14 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, Friday before the last Sunday in March; ends the last Sunday in October

etymology: Jerusalem's settlement may date back to 2800 B.C.; it is named Urushalim in Egyptian texts of the 14th century B.C.; uru-shalim likely means "foundation of [by] the god Shalim", and derives from Hebrew/Semitic yry, "to found or lay a cornerstone", and Shalim, the Canaanite god of dusk and the nether world; Shalim was associated with sunset and peace and the name is based on the same S-L-M root from which Semitic words for "peace" are derived (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew); this confluence has thus led to naming interpretations such as "The City of Peace" or "The Abode of Peace"

Ungarn

name: Budapest

geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the Hungarian capital city was formed in 1873 from the merger of three cities on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda and Obuda (Old Buda) on the western shore and Pest on the eastern; the origins of the original names are obscure, but according to the second century A.D. geographer, Ptolemy, the settlement that would become Pest was called "Pession" in ancient times; "Buda" may derive from either a Slavic or Turkic personal name

Luxemburg

name: Luxembourg

geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name derives from the Celtic lucilem (little) and the German burg (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the "little castle"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the city that grew around the fortress

Citizenship

Israel

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Israel

dual citizenship recognized: yes, but naturalized citizens are not allowed to maintain dual citizenship

residency requirement for naturalization: 3 out of the 5 years preceding the application for naturalization

note: Israeli law (Law of Return, 5 July 1950) provides for the granting of citizenship to any Jew - defined as a person being born to a Jewish mother or having converted to Judaism while renouncing any other religion - who immigrates to and expresses a desire to settle in Israel on the basis of the Right of aliyah; the 1970 amendment of this act extended the right to family members including the spouse of a Jew, any child or grandchild, and the spouses of children and grandchildren

Ungarn

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Luxemburg

citizenship by birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Legal system

Israel

mixed legal system of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious laws

Ungarn

civil legal system influenced by the German model

Luxemburg

civil law system

Suffrage

Israel

18 years of age; universal; 17 years of age for municipal elections

Ungarn

18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal

Luxemburg

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Area

Israel

total: 21,937 sq km

land: 21,497 sq km

water: 440 sq km

Ungarn

total: 93,028 sq km

land: 89,608 sq km

water: 3,420 sq km

Luxemburg

total: 2,586 sq km

land: 2,586 sq km

water: 0 sq km

Land use

Israel

agricultural land: 23.8% (2018 est.)

arable land: 13.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 3.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.3% (2018 est.)

forest: 7.1% (2018 est.)

other: 69.1% (2018 est.)

Ungarn

agricultural land: 58.9% (2018 est.)

arable land: 48.5% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 22.5% (2018 est.)

other: 18.6% (2018 est.)

Luxemburg

agricultural land: 50.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 24% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 33.5% (2018 est.)

other: 15.8% (2018 est.)

Location

Israel

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Lebanon

Ungarn

Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Luxemburg

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Age structure

Israel

0-14 years: 25.96% (male 1,200,721/female 1,146,556)

15-64 years: 61.66% (male 2,839,124/female 2,737,054)

65 years and over: 12.38% (2023 est.) (male 506,536/female 613,396)

Ungarn

0-14 years: 14.24% (male 709,089/female 668,143)

15-64 years: 63.97% (male 3,091,384/female 3,094,515)

65 years and over: 21.79% (2023 est.) (male 812,063/female 1,294,815)

Luxemburg

0-14 years: 16.73% (male 57,006/female 53,593)

15-64 years: 67.38% (male 228,427/female 216,912)

65 years and over: 15.88% (2023 est.) (male 47,951/female 57,035)

Birth rate

Israel

19.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Ungarn

9.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Luxemburg

11.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Israel

5.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Ungarn

15 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Luxemburg

7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Israel

Hebrew (official), Arabic (special status under Israeli law), English (most commonly used foreign language)

major-language sample(s):
ספר עובדות העולם, המקור החיוני למידע בסיסי (Hebrew)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Ungarn

Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s):
A World Factbook nélkülözhetetlen forrása az alapvető információnak.  (Hungarian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Luxemburg

Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Israel

total population: 82.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.2 years

female: 84.3 years

Ungarn

total population: 75.3 years (2023 est.)

male: 72.1 years

female: 78.7 years

Luxemburg

total population: 83.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.7 years

female: 85.8 years

Major urban areas - population

Israel

4.421 million Tel Aviv-Yafo, 1.174 million Haifa, 970,000 JERUSALEM (capital) (2023)

Ungarn

1.778 million BUDAPEST (capital) (2023)

Luxemburg

120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

Median age

Israel

total: 30.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 29.5 years

female: 30.7 years

Ungarn

total: 44.5 years (2023 est.)

male: 42.6 years

female: 46.4 years

Luxemburg

total: 39.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 39.3 years

female: 40.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Israel

27.7 years (2019 est.)

Ungarn

28.4 years (2020 est.)

Luxemburg

31 years (2020 est.)

Net migration rate

Israel

1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Ungarn

2.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Luxemburg

11.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Israel

population concentrated in and around Tel-Aviv, as well as around the Sea of Galilee; the south remains sparsely populated with the exception of the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba

Ungarn

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Luxemburg

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Population growth rate

Israel

1.56% (2023 est.)

Ungarn

-0.33% (2023 est.)

Luxemburg

1.58% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Israel

2.94 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Ungarn

1.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Luxemburg

1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Israel

urban population: 92.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Ungarn

urban population: 72.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Luxemburg

urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Israel

7.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ungarn

4.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Luxemburg

5% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Israel

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Ungarn

total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Luxemburg

total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Israel

-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Ungarn

-2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Luxemburg

1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Israel

6.05% (2021 est.)

Ungarn

6.64% (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

2.87% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Israel

4.186 million (2021 est.)

Ungarn

4.91 million (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

333,900 (2021 est.)

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany

Population below poverty line

Israel

22% (2014 est.)

note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day

Ungarn

12.3% (2018 est.)

Luxemburg

17.5% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Israel

5.05% (2021 est.)

4.33% (2020 est.)

3.8% (2019 est.)

Ungarn

4.12% (2021 est.)

4.25% (2020 est.)

3.42% (2019 est.)

Luxemburg

5.23% (2021 est.)

6.77% (2020 est.)

5.59% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Israel

72.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

59.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

60.4% of GDP (2018 est.)

Ungarn

96.11% of GDP (2020 est.)

83.29% of GDP (2019 est.)

86.55% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and national, state, and local government and social security funds.

Luxemburg

23% of GDP (2017 est.)

20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Israel

1.49% (2021 est.)

-0.59% (2020 est.)

0.84% (2019 est.)

Ungarn

5.11% (2021 est.)

3.33% (2020 est.)

3.34% (2019 est.)

Luxemburg

2.53% (2021 est.)

0.82% (2020 est.)

1.74% (2019 est.)

Exports

Israel

$143.884 billion (2021 est.)

$114.422 billion (2020 est.)

$117.779 billion (2019 est.)

note: data are in current year dollars

Ungarn

$148.229 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$124.111 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$133.736 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Luxemburg

$177.831 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$145.417 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$139.559 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Israel

United States 27%, China 8%, India 4%, Germany 3%, Ireland 3% (2021)

note: Approximately, 6% of Israel's exports went to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, but official data are not available individually for the Palestinian territories.

Ungarn

Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)

Luxemburg

Germany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Imports

Israel

$124.578 billion (2021 est.)

$95.977 billion (2020 est.)

$108.784 billion (2019 est.)

note: data are in current year dollars

Ungarn

$147.577 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$121.016 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$129.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Luxemburg

$148.15 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$121.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$116.803 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Israel

China 14%, United States 11%, Turkey 7%, Germany 7%, Switzerland 5% (2021)

Ungarn

Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Luxemburg

Belgium 27%, Germany 24%, France 11%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Airports

Israel

42 (2021)

Ungarn

41 (2021)

Luxemburg

2 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Israel

total: 2,602,079 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

Ungarn

total: 3,382,136 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34.83 (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

total: 235,155 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Israel

total: 8.01 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 90% (2021 est.)

Ungarn

total: 8.633 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 89% (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

total: 633,600 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 99% (2021 est.)

Railways

Israel

total: 1,497 km (2021) (2019)

standard gauge: 1,497 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Ungarn

total: 7,687 km (2020) 3,111 km electrified

Luxemburg

total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

Roadways

Israel

total: 20,391 km (2021)

paved: 20,391 km (2021) (includes 449 km of expressways)

Ungarn

total: 203,601 km (2014)

paved: 77,087 km (2014) (includes 1,582 km of expressways)

unpaved: 126,514 km (2014)

Luxemburg

total: 2,875 km (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

Israel

total subscriptions: 3.5 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2021 est.)

Ungarn

total subscriptions: 2,955,979 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

total subscriptions: 270,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Israel

total subscriptions: 12.5 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)

Ungarn

total subscriptions: 10,248,653 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (2021 est.)

Luxemburg

total subscriptions: 880,000 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)

Ungarn

1,622 km (2011) (most on Danube River)

Luxemburg

37 km (2010) (on Moselle River)

Disputes - international

Israel

Israel-Gaza Strip: Israel withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West Bank in August 2005

Israel-Syria: Golan Heights is Israeli-controlled (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); in March 2019, the US Government recognized Israel's sovereignty over the Golan Heights; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Israel-West Bank: West Bank is Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; in 2002, Israel began construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; as of mid-2020, plans were to continue barrier construction

Ungarn

Hungary and Slovakia have a long-running dispute over the implementation of a 1970s Soviet-era hydropower project on the Danube, the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros project 

Luxemburg

none identified