Capital

Liechtenstein

name: Vaduz

geographic coordinates: 47 08 N, 9 31 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: may be a conflation from the Latin vallis (valley) and the High German diutisk (meaning "German") to produce Valdutsch ("German valley"), which over time simplified and came to refer specifically to Vaduz, the town

Peru

name: Lima

geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the word "Lima" derives from the Spanish pronunciation of "Limaq," the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; "limaq" means "talker" in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church

Italien

name: Rome

geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king

Citizenship

Liechtenstein

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Liechtenstein; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Peru

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years

Italien

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others

Legal system

Liechtenstein

civil law system influenced by Swiss, Austrian, and German law

Peru

civil law system

Italien

civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

Suffrage

Liechtenstein

18 years of age; universal

Peru

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Italien

18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25

Area

Liechtenstein

total: 160 sq km

land: 160 sq km

water: 0 sq km

Peru

total: 1,285,216 sq km

land: 1,279,996 sq km

water: 5,220 sq km

Italien

total: 301,340 sq km

land: 294,140 sq km

water: 7,200 sq km

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Land use

Liechtenstein

agricultural land: 37.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 18.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 18.8% (2018 est.)

forest: 43.1% (2018 est.)

other: 19.3% (2018 est.)

Peru

agricultural land: 18.8% (2018 est.)

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 53% (2018 est.)

other: 28.2% (2018 est.)

Italien

agricultural land: 47.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 31.4% (2018 est.)

other: 21.5% (2018 est.)

Location

Liechtenstein

Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Peru

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Italien

Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Age structure

Liechtenstein

0-14 years: 15.27% (male 3,389/female 2,718)

15-64 years: 64.38% (male 12,800/female 12,947)

65 years and over: 20.35% (2023 est.) (male 3,738/female 4,401)

Peru

0-14 years: 26.04% (male 4,311,243/female 4,136,849)

15-64 years: 65.94% (male 10,452,598/female 10,937,233)

65 years and over: 8.02% (2023 est.) (male 1,134,587/female 1,467,662)

Italien

0-14 years: 12.08% (male 3,772,041/female 3,600,946)

15-64 years: 64.61% (male 19,430,217/female 19,997,042)

65 years and over: 23.31% (2023 est.) (male 6,248,663/female 7,972,946)

Birth rate

Liechtenstein

10.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Peru

17 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Liechtenstein

8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Peru

11 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Liechtenstein

German 91.5% (official) (Alemannic is the main dialect), Italian 1.5%, Turkish 1.3%, Portuguese 1.1%, other 4.6% (2015 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Peru

Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Italien

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

major-language sample(s):
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Liechtenstein

total population: 82.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.5 years

female: 85.6 years

Peru

total population: 68.9 years (2023 est.)

male: 65.4 years

female: 72.7 years

Italien

total population: 82.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 80.5 years

female: 85.3 years

Major urban areas - population

Liechtenstein

5,000 VADUZ (capital) (2018)

Peru

11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)

Italien

4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)

Median age

Liechtenstein

total: 44.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 42.3 years

female: 46 years

Peru

total: 30.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 29.1 years

female: 31.1 years

Italien

total: 48.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 47 years

female: 49.1 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Liechtenstein

31.3 years (2017)

Peru

21.9 years (2013 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Italien

31.4 years (2020 est.)

Net migration rate

Liechtenstein

4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Peru

-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Italien

3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Liechtenstein

most of the population is found in the western half of the country along the Rhine River

Peru

approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Italien

despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations

Population growth rate

Liechtenstein

0.7% (2023 est.)

Peru

0.5% (2023 est.)

Italien

-0.11% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Liechtenstein

1.69 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Peru

2.18 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Italien

1.24 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Liechtenstein

urban population: 14.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Peru

urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Italien

urban population: 72% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Liechtenstein

2.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

Peru

4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Italien

4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Liechtenstein

total: 15 years

male: 16 years

female: 14 years (2020)

Peru

total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 15 years (2017)

Italien

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Liechtenstein

1.6% (of GDP) (2012 est.)

Peru

-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Italien

-2.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Liechtenstein

NA

Peru

16.44% (2021 est.)

Italien

13.46% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Liechtenstein

38,520 (2015 est.) (2012)

note: 51% of the labor force in Liechtenstein commute daily from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany

Peru

18.352 million (2021 est.)

note: individuals older than 14 years of age

Italien

25.012 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Liechtenstein

NA

Peru

20.2% (2019 est.)

Italien

20.1% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Liechtenstein

2.4% (2015)

2.4% (2014)

Peru

4.83% (2021 est.)

7.18% (2020 est.)

3.38% (2019 est.)

note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Italien

9.83% (2021 est.)

9.16% (2020 est.)

9.95% (2019 est.)

Peru

34.67% of GDP (2020 est.)

26.54% of GDP (2019 est.)

25.7% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Italien

131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

132% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Liechtenstein

-0.4% (2016 est.)

-0.2% (2013)

Peru

4.27% (2021 est.)

2% (2020 est.)

2.25% (2019 est.)

note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

Italien

1.87% (2021 est.)

-0.14% (2020 est.)

0.61% (2019 est.)

Exports

Liechtenstein

$3.217 billion (2015 est.)

$3.774 billion (2014 est.)

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

Peru

$66.098 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$45.624 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$54.676 billion (2019 est.)

Italien

$687.948 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$559.952 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$636.153 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Peru

China 29%, United States 12%, Canada 5%, South Korea 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Italien

Germany 12%, France 11%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 5%, Spain 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Imports

Liechtenstein

$2.23 billion (2014 est.)

note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland

Peru

$58.611 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$42.093 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$51.778 billion (2019 est.)

Italien

$637.934 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$490.684 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$568.796 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Peru

China 24%, United States 22%, Brazil 6% (2019)

Italien

Germany 16%, France 9%, China 7%, Spain 5%, Netherlands 5%, Belgium 5% (2019)

Peru

191 (2021)

Italien

129 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Liechtenstein

total: 18,050 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)

Peru

total: 3.044 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)

Italien

total: 18,128,787 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Liechtenstein

total: 37,440 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)

Peru

total: 24.14 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 71% (2021 est.)

Italien

total: 44.25 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 75% (2021 est.)

Railways

Liechtenstein

total: 9 km (2018)

standard gauge: 9 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (electrified)

note: belongs to the Austrian Railway System connecting Austria and Switzerland

Peru

total: 1,854.4 km (2017)

standard gauge: 1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge

Italien

total: 18,475 km (2020) 12,936 km electrified

1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)

Roadways

Liechtenstein

total: 630 km (2019)

Peru

total: 18,699 km (2018)

paved: 18,699 km

note: includes 27,109 km of national roads (21,434 km paved), 247,505 km of departmental roads (3,623 km paved), and 113,857 km of local roads (1,858 km paved)

Italien

total: 487,700 km (2007)

paved: 487,700 km (2007) (includes 6,700 km of expressways)

Telephones - fixed lines

Liechtenstein

total subscriptions: 11,712 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)

Peru

total subscriptions: 2,266,025 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)

Italien

total subscriptions: 19,994,902 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Liechtenstein

total subscriptions: 49,264 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2021 est.)

Peru

total subscriptions: 43,129,394 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 128 (2021 est.)

Italien

total subscriptions: 78,114,933 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Liechtenstein

28 km (2010)

Peru

8,808 km (2011) (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca)

Italien

2,400 km (2012) (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail)

Disputes - international

Liechtenstein

none

Peru

Peru-Bolivia: Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Peru-Brazil: none identified

Peru-Chile: Bolivia continues to press for a sovereign corridor to the Pacific Ocean; any concession Chile makes to Bolivia to grant them a sovereign corridor requires approval by Peru under the terms of their treaty; in January 2018, the International Court of Justice ruled that Chile is not legally obligated to negotiate a sovereign corridor to the Pacific Ocean with Bolivia

Peru-Chile-Ecuador: Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines out to 200 nautical miles, which would give Peru 37,900 square kilometers of water

Peru-Colombia: organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; problems also include cross border illegal migration, human trafficking, and contraband smuggling

Peru-Ecuador: in 1999, Tiwinza memorial park was created on lands that remains sovereign Peruvian territory, but Ecuador has the right to maintain and administer it in perpetuity

Italien

Italy-Austria-Switzerland: borders are shifting because glacier peaks that had served as a natural boundary are melting