Capital

Polen

name: Warsaw

geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the origin of the name is unknown; the Polish designation "Warszawa" was the name of a fishing village and several legends/traditions link the city's founding to a man named Wars or Warsz

Trinidad und Tobago

name: Port of Spain

geographic coordinates: 10 39 N, 61 31 W

time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name dates to the period of Spanish colonial rule (16th to late 18th centuries) when the city was referred to as "Puerto de Espana"; the name was anglicized following the British capture of Trinidad in 1797

Rumänien

name: Bucharest

geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

Citizenship

Polen

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Poland

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Trinidad und Tobago

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Rumänien

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Legal system

Polen

civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final

Trinidad und Tobago

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court

Rumänien

civil law system

Suffrage

Polen

18 years of age; universal

Trinidad und Tobago

18 years of age; universal

Rumänien

18 years of age; universal

Area

Polen

total: 312,685 sq km

land: 304,255 sq km

water: 8,430 sq km

Trinidad und Tobago

total: 5,128 sq km

land: 5,128 sq km

water: 0 sq km

Rumänien

total: 238,391 sq km

land: 229,891 sq km

water: 8,500 sq km

Land use

Polen

agricultural land: 48.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 36.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 10.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 30.6% (2018 est.)

other: 21.2% (2018 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

agricultural land: 10.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 4.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 1.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 44% (2018 est.)

other: 45.4% (2018 est.)

Rumänien

agricultural land: 60.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 28.7% (2018 est.)

other: 10.6% (2018 est.)

Location

Polen

Central Europe, east of Germany

Trinidad und Tobago

Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Rumänien

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Age structure

Polen

0-14 years: 14.53% (male 2,839,788/female 2,680,401)

15-64 years: 64.87% (male 12,364,282/female 12,280,814)

65 years and over: 20.6% (2023 est.) (male 3,171,838/female 4,654,643)

Trinidad und Tobago

0-14 years: 19.04% (male 136,733/female 131,316)

15-64 years: 67.4% (male 482,427/female 466,200)

65 years and over: 13.56% (2023 est.) (male 88,531/female 102,253)

Rumänien

0-14 years: 15.63% (male 1,472,449/female 1,391,671)

15-64 years: 62.13% (male 5,689,908/female 5,696,224)

65 years and over: 22.24% (2023 est.) (male 1,682,695/female 2,393,380)

Birth rate

Polen

8.7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

10.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Rumänien

8.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Polen

12.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

8.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Rumänien

14.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Polen

Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2%; note - data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Księga Faktów Świata, niezbędne źródło podstawowych informacji. (Polish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Trinidad und Tobago

English (official), Trinidadian Creole English, Tobagonian Creole English, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Trinidadian Creole French, Spanish, Chinese

Rumänien

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Polen

total population: 75.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 71.7 years

female: 80 years

Trinidad und Tobago

total population: 76.2 years (2023 est.)

male: 74.3 years

female: 78.2 years

Rumänien

total population: 76.3 years (2023 est.)

male: 72.9 years

female: 80 years

Major urban areas - population

Polen

1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2023)

Trinidad und Tobago

545,000 PORT-OF-SPAIN (capital) (2023)

Rumänien

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

Median age

Polen

total: 42.4 years (2023 est.)

male: 41.1 years

female: 43.7 years

Trinidad und Tobago

total: 38 years (2023 est.)

male: 37.5 years

female: 38.4 years

Rumänien

total: 45.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 43.6 years

female: 46.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Polen

27.9 years (2020 est.)

Rumänien

27.1 years (2020 est.)

Net migration rate

Polen

-6.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Rumänien

-3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Polen

population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk

Trinidad und Tobago

population on Trinidad is concentrated in the western half of the island, on Tobago in the southern half

Rumänien

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Population growth rate

Polen

-1.03% (2023 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

0.12% (2023 est.)

Rumänien

-1.01% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Polen

1.31 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Rumänien

1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Polen

urban population: 60.2% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: -0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

urban population: 53.4% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Rumänien

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Polen

5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

4.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Rumänien

3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Polen

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Rumänien

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Polen

-1.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

-8.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Rumänien

-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Polen

3.36% (2021 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

-0.99% (2021 est.)

Rumänien

4.07% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Polen

18.212 million (2021 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

702,900 (2021 est.)

Rumänien

8.381 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Polen

15.4% (2018 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

20% (2014 est.)

Rumänien

23.8% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Polen

3.37% (2021 est.)

3.16% (2020 est.)

3.28% (2019 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

4.8% (2021 est.)

4.57% (2020 est.)

3.42% (2019 est.)

Rumänien

5.17% (2021 est.)

5.03% (2020 est.)

3.91% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Polen

50.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

54.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Trinidad und Tobago

41.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

37% of GDP (2016 est.)

Rumänien

57.11% of GDP (2020 est.)

43.21% of GDP (2019 est.)

42.56% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Polen

5.06% (2021 est.)

3.37% (2020 est.)

2.23% (2019 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

2.06% (2021 est.)

0.6% (2020 est.)

1% (2019 est.)

Rumänien

5.05% (2021 est.)

2.63% (2020 est.)

3.83% (2019 est.)

Exports

Polen

$411.621 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$336.317 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$330.934 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Trinidad und Tobago

$11.467 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$6.44 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$9.566 billion (2019 est.)

Rumänien

$115.879 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$93.024 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$100.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Polen

Germany 28%, UK 6%, Czechia 6%, France 6%, Netherlands 4% (2020)

Trinidad und Tobago

United States 37%, Guyana 6%, China 5%, Mexico 4%, Belgium 4% (2021)

Rumänien

Germany 22%, Italy 10%, France 7% (2019)

Imports

Polen

$380.699 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$295.897 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$302.525 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Trinidad und Tobago

$8.592 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$6.785 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$7.96 billion (2019 est.)

Rumänien

$132.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$103.899 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$111.184 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Polen

Germany 25%, China 12%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5%, Czechia 4% (2020)

Trinidad und Tobago

United States 37%, China 9%, Mexico 6%, Brazil 5%, Canada 4% (2021)

Rumänien

Germany 19%, Italy 9%, Hungary 7%, Poland 6%, China 5%, France 5% (2019)

Airports

Polen

126 (2021)

Trinidad und Tobago

4 (2021)

Rumänien

45 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Polen

total: 8,369,218 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2020 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

total: 376,771 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2020 est.)

Rumänien

total: 5,684,782 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Polen

total: 32.3 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 85% (2021 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

total: 1.185 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)

Rumänien

total: 15.96 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 84% (2021 est.)

Railways

Polen

total: 19,461 km (2020) 11,946 km electrified

Rumänien

total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

Roadways

Polen

total: 420,000 km (2016)

paved: 291,000 km (2016) (includes 1,492 km of expressways, 1,559 of motorways)

unpaved: 129,000 km (2016)

Rumänien

total: 84,185 km (2012)

paved: 49,873 km (2012) (includes 337 km of expressways)

unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)

Telephones - fixed lines

Polen

total subscriptions: 5,308,497 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

total subscriptions: 340,000 (2021)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2021 est.)

Rumänien

total subscriptions: 2.606 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Polen

total subscriptions: 50,588,785 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2021 est.)

Trinidad und Tobago

total subscriptions: 2 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2021 est.)

Rumänien

total subscriptions: 22.929 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Polen

3,997 km (2009) (navigable rivers and canals)

Rumänien

1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)

Disputes - international

Polen

Poland-Belarus-Ukraine: as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

Trinidad und Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago-Barbados: Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's EEZ

Trinidad and Tobago-Barbados-Guyana-Venezuela: in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration under UN Convention on the Law of the Sea challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters; Guyana has expressed its intention to include itself in the arbitration, as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela maritime boundary may also extend into its waters

Rumänien

Romania-Bulgaria: none identified

Romania-Hungary: none identified

Romania-Moldova: none identified

Romania-Serbia: none identified

Romania-Ukraine: the International Court of Justice ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; in 2007, Romania opposed Ukraine's construction of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea, arguing that it runs through a unique ecological area, the Danube Delta