Daten & Fakten
Südafrika
Vietnam
Tunesien
Capital
Südafrika
name: Pretoria (administrative capital); Cape Town (legislative capital); Bloemfontein (judicial capital)
geographic coordinates: 25 42 S, 28 13 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Pretoria is named in honor of Andries PRETORIUS, the father of voortrekker (pioneer) leader Marthinus PRETORIUS; Cape Town reflects its location on the Cape of Good Hope; Bloemfontein is a combination of the Dutch words bloem (flower) and fontein (fountain) meaning "fountain of flowers"
geographic coordinates: 25 42 S, 28 13 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Pretoria is named in honor of Andries PRETORIUS, the father of voortrekker (pioneer) leader Marthinus PRETORIUS; Cape Town reflects its location on the Cape of Good Hope; Bloemfontein is a combination of the Dutch words bloem (flower) and fontein (fountain) meaning "fountain of flowers"
Vietnam
name: Hanoi (Ha Noi)
geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the city has had many names in its history going back to A.D. 1010 when it first became the capital of imperial Vietnam; in 1831, it received its current name of Ha Noi, meaning "between the rivers," which refers to its geographic location
geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: the city has had many names in its history going back to A.D. 1010 when it first became the capital of imperial Vietnam; in 1831, it received its current name of Ha Noi, meaning "between the rivers," which refers to its geographic location
Tunesien
name: Tunis
geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word "ens," which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night," may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors
geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word "ens," which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night," may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors
Citizenship
Südafrika
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of South Africa
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission of the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 year
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of South Africa
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission of the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 year
Vietnam
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Vietnam
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Vietnam
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Tunesien
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Legal system
Südafrika
mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and customary law
Vietnam
civil law system; note - the civil code of 2005 reflects a European-style civil law
Tunesien
mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
Suffrage
Südafrika
18 years of age; universal
Vietnam
18 years of age; universal
Tunesien
18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months
Area
Südafrika
total: 1,219,090 sq km
land: 1,214,470 sq km
water: 4,620 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)
land: 1,214,470 sq km
water: 4,620 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island)
Vietnam
total: 331,210 sq km
land: 310,070 sq km
water: 21,140 sq km
land: 310,070 sq km
water: 21,140 sq km
Tunesien
total: 163,610 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km
Land use
Südafrika
agricultural land: 79.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 9.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 69.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 7.6% (2018 est.)
other: 13% (2018 est.)
arable land: 9.9% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 69.2% (2018 est.)
forest: 7.6% (2018 est.)
other: 13% (2018 est.)
Vietnam
agricultural land: 34.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 20.6% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 45% (2018 est.)
other: 20.2% (2018 est.)
arable land: 20.6% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 45% (2018 est.)
other: 20.2% (2018 est.)
Tunesien
agricultural land: 64.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 6.6% (2018 est.)
other: 28.6% (2018 est.)
arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)
forest: 6.6% (2018 est.)
other: 28.6% (2018 est.)
Location
Südafrika
Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
Vietnam
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, as well as China, Laos, and Cambodia
Tunesien
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Age structure
Südafrika
0-14 years: 27.29% (male 7,931,943/female 7,906,715)
15-64 years: 66.17% (male 19,158,920/female 19,253,679)
65 years and over: 6.54% (2023 est.) (male 1,596,882/female 2,200,193)
15-64 years: 66.17% (male 19,158,920/female 19,253,679)
65 years and over: 6.54% (2023 est.) (male 1,596,882/female 2,200,193)
Vietnam
0-14 years: 23.44% (male 12,975,791/female 11,593,157)
15-64 years: 68.69% (male 36,280,449/female 35,705,586)
65 years and over: 7.87% (2023 est.) (male 3,346,804/female 4,897,387)
15-64 years: 68.69% (male 36,280,449/female 35,705,586)
65 years and over: 7.87% (2023 est.) (male 3,346,804/female 4,897,387)
Tunesien
0-14 years: 24.77% (male 1,529,179/female 1,436,771)
15-64 years: 65.26% (male 3,843,642/female 3,971,509)
65 years and over: 9.98% (2023 est.) (male 566,265/female 628,816)
15-64 years: 65.26% (male 3,843,642/female 3,971,509)
65 years and over: 9.98% (2023 est.) (male 566,265/female 628,816)
Birth rate
Südafrika
18.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Vietnam
15.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Tunesien
14.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Südafrika
7.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Vietnam
5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Tunesien
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Südafrika
isiZulu or Zulu (official) 25.3%, isiXhosa or Xhosa (official) 14.8%, Afrikaans (official) 12.2%, Sepedi of Pedi (official) 10.1%, Setswana or Tswana (official) 9.1%, English (official) 8.1%, Sesotho or Sotho (official) 7.9%, Xitsonga or Tsonga (official) 3.6%, siSwati or Swati (official) 2.8%, Tshivenda or Venda (official) 2.5%, isiNdebele or Ndebele (official) 1.6%, other (includes South African sign language (official) and Khoi or Khoisan or Khoe languages) 2%; note - data represent language spoken most often at home (2018 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Die Wereld Feite Boek, n’ onontbeerlike bron vir basiese informasie. (Afrikaans)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
major-language sample(s):
Die Wereld Feite Boek, n’ onontbeerlike bron vir basiese informasie. (Afrikaans)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
Vietnam
Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer, mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
major-language sample(s):
Dữ kiện thế giới, là nguồn thông tin cơ bản không thể thiếu. (Vietnamese)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Dữ kiện thế giới, là nguồn thông tin cơ bản không thể thiếu. (Vietnamese)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Tunesien
Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight); note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن كتاب تتعلم به المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن كتاب تتعلم به المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Life expectancy at birth
Südafrika
total population: 71 years (2023 est.)
male: 69.4 years
female: 72.6 years
male: 69.4 years
female: 72.6 years
Vietnam
total population: 75.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 73.2 years
female: 78.6 years
male: 73.2 years
female: 78.6 years
Tunesien
total population: 77.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 75.4 years
female: 78.8 years
male: 75.4 years
female: 78.8 years
Major urban areas - population
Südafrika
10.316 million Johannesburg (includes Ekurhuleni), 4.890 million Cape Town (legislative capital), 3.228 million Durban, 2.818 million PRETORIA (administrative capital), 1.296 million Port Elizabeth, 934,000 West Rand (2023)
Vietnam
9.321 million Ho Chi Minh City, 5.253 million HANOI (capital), 1.865 million Can Tho, 1.423 million Hai Phong, 1.221 million Da Nang, 1.111 million Bien Hoa (2023)
Tunesien
2.475 million TUNIS (capital) (2023)
Median age
Südafrika
total: 30.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 29.9 years
female: 30.3 years
male: 29.9 years
female: 30.3 years
Vietnam
total: 32.7 years (2023 est.)
male: 31.6 years
female: 33.8 years
male: 31.6 years
female: 33.8 years
Tunesien
total: 34 years (2023 est.)
male: 33.2 years
female: 34.7 years
male: 33.2 years
female: 34.7 years
Net migration rate
Südafrika
-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Vietnam
-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Tunesien
-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Südafrika
the population concentrated along the southern and southeastern coast, and inland around Pretoria; the eastern half of the country is more densely populated than the west as shown in this population distribution map
Vietnam
though it has one of the highest population densities in the world, the population is not evenly dispersed; clustering is heaviest along the South China Sea and Gulf of Tonkin, with the Mekong Delta (in the south) and the Red River Valley (in the north) having the largest concentrations of people
Tunesien
the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this population distribution map
Population growth rate
Südafrika
1.08% (2023 est.)
Vietnam
0.93% (2023 est.)
Tunesien
0.63% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Südafrika
2.31 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Vietnam
2.04 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Tunesien
1.96 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Südafrika
urban population: 68.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Vietnam
urban population: 39.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 2.7% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Tunesien
urban population: 70.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Südafrika
6.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Vietnam
4.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Tunesien
7.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Südafrika
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2020)
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2020)
Tunesien
total: 15 years
male: 14 years
female: 16 years (2016)
male: 14 years
female: 16 years (2016)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Südafrika
-4.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Vietnam
-6.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Tunesien
-5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Südafrika
6.12% (2021 est.)
Vietnam
3.58% (2021 est.)
Tunesien
8.6% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Südafrika
22.398 million (2021 est.)
Vietnam
56.203 million (2021 est.)
Tunesien
4.226 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Südafrika
55.5% (2014 est.)
Vietnam
6.7% (2018 est.)
Tunesien
15.2% (2015 est.)
Unemployment rate
Südafrika
33.56% (2021 est.)
29.22% (2020 est.)
28.47% (2019 est.)
29.22% (2020 est.)
28.47% (2019 est.)
Vietnam
2.17% (2021 est.)
2.39% (2020 est.)
2.04% (2019 est.)
2.39% (2020 est.)
2.04% (2019 est.)
Tunesien
16.82% (2021 est.)
16.59% (2020 est.)
15.13% (2019 est.)
16.59% (2020 est.)
15.13% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Südafrika
53% of GDP (2017 est.)
51.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
51.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
Vietnam
58.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
59.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
59.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: official data; data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Tunesien
70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
62.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
62.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Südafrika
4.61% (2021 est.)
3.21% (2020 est.)
4.12% (2019 est.)
3.21% (2020 est.)
4.12% (2019 est.)
Vietnam
1.83% (2021 est.)
3.22% (2020 est.)
2.8% (2019 est.)
3.22% (2020 est.)
2.8% (2019 est.)
Tunesien
5.71% (2021 est.)
5.63% (2020 est.)
6.72% (2019 est.)
5.63% (2020 est.)
6.72% (2019 est.)
Exports
Südafrika
$130.885 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$94.123 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$105.988 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$94.123 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$105.988 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Vietnam
$339.984 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$290.229 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$280.826 billion (2019 est.)
$290.229 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$280.826 billion (2019 est.)
Tunesien
$19.743 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$16.017 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.175 billion (2019 est.)
$16.017 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.175 billion (2019 est.)
Exports - partners
Südafrika
China 15%, United Kingdom 8%, Germany 7%, United States 6%, India 6% (2019)
Vietnam
US 28%, China 17%, South Korea 6%, Japan 6%, Hong Kong 4% (2021)
Tunesien
France 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)
Imports
Südafrika
$104.806 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$79.022 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$103.92 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$79.022 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$103.92 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Vietnam
$338.021 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$269.808 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$261.683 billion (2019 est.)
$269.808 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$261.683 billion (2019 est.)
Tunesien
$24.269 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.603 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$23.546 billion (2019 est.)
$19.603 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$23.546 billion (2019 est.)
Imports - partners
Südafrika
China 18%, Germany 11%, United States 6%, India 5% (2019)
Vietnam
China 39%, South Korea 17%, Japan 5%, Taiwan 4%, Thailand 4% (2021)
Tunesien
France 17%, Italy 16%, Germany 8%, China 8%, Algeria 7% (2019)
Airports
Südafrika
407 (2021)
Vietnam
45 (2021)
Tunesien
29 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Südafrika
total: 1,303,057 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
Vietnam
total: 16,699,249 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2020 est.)
Tunesien
total: 1,334,059 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Südafrika
total: 42.48 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 72% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 72% (2021 est.)
Vietnam
total: 71.78 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 74% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 74% (2021 est.)
Tunesien
total: 9.48 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)
Railways
Südafrika
total: 20,986 km (2014)
standard gauge: 80 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (80 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 19,756 km (2014) 1.065-m gauge (8,271 km electrified)
other: (2014) 1,150 km (passenger rail, gauge unspecified, 1,115.5 km electrified)
standard gauge: 80 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (80 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 19,756 km (2014) 1.065-m gauge (8,271 km electrified)
other: (2014) 1,150 km (passenger rail, gauge unspecified, 1,115.5 km electrified)
Vietnam
total: 2,600 km (2014)
standard gauge: 178 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge; 253 km mixed gauge
narrow gauge: 2,169 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge
standard gauge: 178 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge; 253 km mixed gauge
narrow gauge: 2,169 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge
Tunesien
total: 2,173 km (2014) (1,991 in use)
standard gauge: 471 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,694 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
dual gauge: 8 km (2014) 1.435-1.000-m gauge
standard gauge: 471 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,694 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
dual gauge: 8 km (2014) 1.435-1.000-m gauge
Roadways
Südafrika
total: 750,000 km (2016)
paved: 158,124 km (2016)
unpaved: 591,876 km (2016)
paved: 158,124 km (2016)
unpaved: 591,876 km (2016)
Vietnam
total: 195,468 km (2013)
paved: 148,338 km (2013)
unpaved: 47,130 km (2013)
paved: 148,338 km (2013)
unpaved: 47,130 km (2013)
Tunesien
paved: 20,000 km (2015)
Telephones - fixed lines
Südafrika
total subscriptions: 1,472,191 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2021 est.)
Vietnam
total subscriptions: 3.1 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2021 est.)
Tunesien
total subscriptions: 1.7 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Südafrika
total subscriptions: 100,328,005 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 169 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 169 (2021 est.)
Vietnam
total subscriptions: 140 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)
Tunesien
total subscriptions: 16 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2021 est.)
Vietnam
47,130 km (2011) (30,831 km weight under 50 tons)
Disputes - international
Südafrika
South Africa-Botswana: none identified
South Africa-Eswatini: Eswatini seeks to reclaim land it says was stolen by South Africa
South Africa-Lesotho: crossborder livestock thieving, smuggling of drugs and arms, and illegal migration are problematic
South Africa-Mozambique: animal poachers cross the South Africa-Mozambique border to hunt wildlife in South Africa’s Kruger National Park; border fences were removed in some areas to allow animals to roam between nature reserves in the two countries; improved patrols, technology, and crossborder cooperation are reducing the problem
South Africa-Namibia: the governments of South Africa and Namibia have not signed or ratified the text of the 1994 Surveyor's General agreement placing the boundary in the middle of the Orange River; the location of the border could affect diamond mining rights; South Africa has always claimed that the northern bank of the Orange River is the border between the two countries, while Namibia’s constitution states that the border lies in the middle of the Orange River
South Africa-various: South Africa has placed military units to assist police operations along the border of Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to control smuggling, poaching, and illegal migration
South Africa-Zimbabwe: Zimbabweans migrate illegally into South Africa in search of work or smuggle goods to sell at a profit back home
Vietnam
Vietnam-Cambodia: Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities; issues include casinos built in Cambodia near the border, narcotics trafficking, trafficking of women and children, petrol smuggling, illegal logging, and illegal migration; progress on a joint development area with Cambodia is hampered by an unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; in December 2021, leaders from the two countries agreed to fully complete the remaining border demarcation and the upgrading of border checkpoints
Vietnam-Cambodia-Laos: Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of a wide variety of illicit cross-border activities
Vietnam-China: an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; small territorial exchanges were made during the demarcation; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; cross border trafficking in women and children and illegal wildlife trade are problems along this border; In December 2021, China tightened its border controls over COVID concerns, restricting an important trade route for Vietnam
Vietnam-Laos: Laos opened a strategically important international border crossing with Vietnam in 2021, which will shorten the distance for goods and people transiting between Thailand and Vietnam
Tunesien
none identified
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