Daten & Fakten
Malta
Zypern
Großbritannien
Capital
Malta
name: Valletta
geographic coordinates: 35 53 N, 14 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: named in honor of Jean de VALETTE, the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (crusader knights), who successfully led a defense of the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565
geographic coordinates: 35 53 N, 14 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: named in honor of Jean de VALETTE, the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (crusader knights), who successfully led a defense of the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565
Zypern
name: Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa)
geographic coordinates: 35 10 N, 33 22 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean "White City"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase "leuke ousia" ("white estate")
geographic coordinates: 35 10 N, 33 22 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean "White City"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase "leuke ousia" ("white estate")
Grossbritannien
name: London
geographic coordinates: 51 30 N, 0 05 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: the time statements apply to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories
etymology: the name derives from the Roman settlement of Londinium, established on the current site of London around A.D. 43; the original meaning of the name is uncertain
geographic coordinates: 51 30 N, 0 05 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: the time statements apply to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories
etymology: the name derives from the Roman settlement of Londinium, established on the current site of London around A.D. 43; the original meaning of the name is uncertain
Citizenship
Malta
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Malta
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Malta
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Zypern
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Grossbritannien
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the United Kingdom
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the United Kingdom
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Legal system
Malta
mixed legal system of English common law and civil law based on the Roman and Napoleonic civil codes; subject to European Union law
Zypern
mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy
Grossbritannien
common law system; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998
Suffrage
Malta
18 years of age (16 in local council elections); universal
Zypern
18 years of age; universal
Grossbritannien
18 years of age; universal
Area
Malta
total: 316 sq km
land: 316 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 316 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Zypern
total: 9,251 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)
land: 9,241 sq km
water: 10 sq km
land: 9,241 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Grossbritannien
total: 243,610 sq km
land: 241,930 sq km
water: 1,680 sq km
note 1: the percentage area breakdown of the four UK countries is: England 53%, Scotland 32%, Wales 9%, and Northern Ireland 6%
note 2: includes Rockall and the Shetland Islands, which are part of Scotland
land: 241,930 sq km
water: 1,680 sq km
note 1: the percentage area breakdown of the four UK countries is: England 53%, Scotland 32%, Wales 9%, and Northern Ireland 6%
note 2: includes Rockall and the Shetland Islands, which are part of Scotland
Land use
Malta
agricultural land: 32.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 28.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0.9% (2018 est.)
other: 66.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 28.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.9% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0.9% (2018 est.)
other: 66.8% (2018 est.)
Zypern
agricultural land: 13.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 18.8% (2018 est.)
other: 67.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)
forest: 18.8% (2018 est.)
other: 67.8% (2018 est.)
Grossbritannien
agricultural land: 71% (2018 est.)
arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)
other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
arable land: 25.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 45.7% (2018 est.)
forest: 11.9% (2018 est.)
other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
Location
Malta
Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily (Italy)
Zypern
Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey; note - Cyprus views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
Grossbritannien
Western Europe, islands - including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland - between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea; northwest of France
Age structure
Malta
0-14 years: 14.53% (male 34,870/female 32,989)
15-64 years: 62.83% (male 151,927/female 141,561)
65 years and over: 22.65% (2023 est.) (male 48,830/female 56,961)
15-64 years: 62.83% (male 151,927/female 141,561)
65 years and over: 22.65% (2023 est.) (male 48,830/female 56,961)
Zypern
0-14 years: 15.63% (male 104,950/female 99,515)
15-64 years: 70.36% (male 484,087/female 436,271)
65 years and over: 14.01% (2023 est.) (male 79,897/female 103,400)
15-64 years: 70.36% (male 484,087/female 436,271)
65 years and over: 14.01% (2023 est.) (male 79,897/female 103,400)
Grossbritannien
0-14 years: 16.91% (male 5,901,611/female 5,620,070)
15-64 years: 64.03% (male 21,997,962/female 21,628,742)
65 years and over: 19.06% (2023 est.) (male 5,953,187/female 7,036,912)
15-64 years: 64.03% (male 21,997,962/female 21,628,742)
65 years and over: 19.06% (2023 est.) (male 5,953,187/female 7,036,912)
Birth rate
Malta
9.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Zypern
10.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Grossbritannien
10.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Malta
8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Zypern
7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Grossbritannien
9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Malta
Maltese (official) 90.1%, English (official) 6%, multilingual 3%, other 0.9% (2005 est.)
Zypern
Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6%; note - data represent only the Republic of Cyprus (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Το Παγκόσμιο Βιβλίο Δεδομένων, η απαραίτητη πηγή βασικών πληροφοριών. (Greek)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Το Παγκόσμιο Βιβλίο Δεδομένων, η απαραίτητη πηγή βασικών πληροφοριών. (Greek)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Grossbritannien
English
note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)
note: the following are recognized regional languages: Scots (about 30% of the population of Scotland), Scottish Gaelic (about 60,000 speakers in Scotland), Welsh (about 20% of the population of Wales), Irish (about 10% of the population of Northern Ireland), Cornish (some 2,000 to 3,000 people in Cornwall) (2012 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
Malta
total population: 83.4 years (2023 est.)
male: 81.3 years
female: 85.6 years
male: 81.3 years
female: 85.6 years
Zypern
total population: 80 years (2023 est.)
male: 77.2 years
female: 82.9 years
male: 77.2 years
female: 82.9 years
Grossbritannien
total population: 82.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 80 years
female: 84.2 years
male: 80 years
female: 84.2 years
Major urban areas - population
Malta
213,000 VALLETTA (capital) (2018)
Zypern
269,000 NICOSIA (capital) (2018)
Grossbritannien
9.648 million LONDON (capital), 2.791 million Manchester, 2.665 million Birmingham, 1.929 million West Yorkshire, 1.698 million Glasgow, 952,000 Southampton/Portsmouth (2023)
Median age
Malta
total: 43.2 years (2023 est.)
male: 42.1 years
female: 44.4 years
male: 42.1 years
female: 44.4 years
Zypern
total: 39.1 years (2023 est.)
male: 37.9 years
female: 40.6 years
male: 37.9 years
female: 40.6 years
Grossbritannien
total: 40.6 years (2023 est.)
male: 39.9 years
female: 41.4 years
male: 39.9 years
female: 41.4 years
Mother's mean age at first birth
Malta
29.3 years (2020 est.)
note: data refers to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births
note: data refers to the average of the different childbearing ages of first-order births
Zypern
30 years (2020 est.)
note: data represents only government-controlled areas
note: data represents only government-controlled areas
Grossbritannien
29 years (2018 est.)
note: data represents England and Wales only
note: data represents England and Wales only
Net migration rate
Malta
5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Zypern
6.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Grossbritannien
3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Malta
most of the population lives on the eastern half of Malta, the largest of the three inhabited islands
Zypern
population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca
Grossbritannien
the core of the population lies in and around London, with significant clusters found in central Britain around Manchester and Liverpool, in the Scottish lowlands between Edinburgh and Glasgow, southern Wales in and around Cardiff, and far eastern Northern Ireland centered on Belfast
Population growth rate
Malta
0.59% (2023 est.)
Zypern
1% (2023 est.)
Grossbritannien
0.49% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Malta
1.51 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Zypern
1.48 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Grossbritannien
1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Malta
urban population: 94.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Zypern
urban population: 67% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Grossbritannien
urban population: 84.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Malta
5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)
Zypern
6.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Grossbritannien
5.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Malta
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2020)
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2020)
Zypern
total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2020)
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2020)
Grossbritannien
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2020)
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Malta
3.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Zypern
1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Grossbritannien
-1.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Malta
-3.3% (2016 est.)
Zypern
8.1% (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
9.12% (2021 est.)
Labor force
Malta
280,300 (2021 est.)
Zypern
655,100 (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
34.637 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Malta
17.1% (2018 est.)
Zypern
14.7% (2018 est.)
Grossbritannien
18.6% (2017 est.)
Unemployment rate
Malta
3.5% (2021 est.)
4.26% (2020 est.)
3.62% (2019 est.)
4.26% (2020 est.)
3.62% (2019 est.)
Zypern
6.13% (2021 est.)
7.59% (2020 est.)
7.07% (2019 est.)
7.59% (2020 est.)
7.07% (2019 est.)
Grossbritannien
4.53% (2021 est.)
4.47% (2020 est.)
3.74% (2019 est.)
4.47% (2020 est.)
3.74% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Malta
50.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
56.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds
56.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: Malta reports public debt at nominal value outstanding at the end of the year, according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty for general government gross debt; the data include the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); general government comprises the central, state, and local governments, and social security funds
Zypern
97.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
106.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment
106.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment
Grossbritannien
195.39% of GDP (2020 est.)
160.02% of GDP (2019 est.)
157.8% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
160.02% of GDP (2019 est.)
157.8% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Malta
1.5% (2021 est.)
0.64% (2020 est.)
1.64% (2019 est.)
0.64% (2020 est.)
1.64% (2019 est.)
Zypern
2.45% (2021 est.)
-0.64% (2020 est.)
0.25% (2019 est.)
-0.64% (2020 est.)
0.25% (2019 est.)
Grossbritannien
2.52% (2021 est.)
0.99% (2020 est.)
1.74% (2019 est.)
0.99% (2020 est.)
1.74% (2019 est.)
Exports
Malta
$22.11 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.526 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.773 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.526 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.773 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Zypern
$24.551 billion (2021 est.)
$20.379 billion (2020 est.)
$19.835 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
$20.379 billion (2020 est.)
$19.835 billion (2019 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Grossbritannien
$874.5 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$791.7 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$893.1 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$791.7 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$893.1 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners
Malta
Germany 12%, France 9%, Italy 9% (2019)
Zypern
India 9%, Greece 9%, Libya 8%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)
Grossbritannien
United States 13%, Germany 9%, Netherlands 8%, Ireland 7%, Switzerland 6% (2021)
Imports
Malta
$21.362 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$18.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$18.578 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$18.328 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$18.578 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Zypern
$23.748 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.711 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.575 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$20.711 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$19.575 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Grossbritannien
$898.719 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$783.438 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$939.349 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$783.438 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$939.349 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners
Malta
Russia 22%, Italy 12%, United Kingdom 11%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5%, France 5%, China 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)
Zypern
Greece 16%, Italy 10%, Turkey 8%, Russia 5%, Germany 5%, United Kingdom 5%, China 5% (2019)
Grossbritannien
China 13%, Germany 11%, United States 8%, Netherlands 6%, Norway 5% (2021)
Airports
Malta
1 (2021)
Zypern
15 (2021)
Grossbritannien
460 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Malta
total: 213,419 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2020 est.)
Zypern
total: 332,080 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2020 est.)
Grossbritannien
total: 27,330,297 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Malta
total: 461,100 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 87% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 87% (2021 est.)
Zypern
total: 809,900 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
total: 64.99 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 97% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 97% (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
total: 16,390 km (2020) 6,167 km electrified
Roadways
Malta
total: 3,096 km (2008)
paved: 2,704 km (2008)
unpaved: 392 km (2008)
urban: 1,422 km (2001)
non-urban: 832 km (2001)
paved: 2,704 km (2008)
unpaved: 392 km (2008)
urban: 1,422 km (2001)
non-urban: 832 km (2001)
Zypern
total: 12,901 km (2016)
government control: 12,901 km (2016) (includes 272 km of expressways)
paved: 8,631 km (2016)
unpaved: 4,270 km (2016)
Turkish Cypriot control: 7,000 km (2011)
government control: 12,901 km (2016) (includes 272 km of expressways)
paved: 8,631 km (2016)
unpaved: 4,270 km (2016)
Turkish Cypriot control: 7,000 km (2011)
Grossbritannien
total: 394,428 km (2009)
paved: 394,428 km (2009) (includes 3,519 km of expressways)
paved: 394,428 km (2009) (includes 3,519 km of expressways)
Telephones - fixed lines
Malta
total subscriptions: 259,439 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 49 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 49 (2021 est.)
Zypern
total subscriptions: 304,581 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
total subscriptions: 33 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Malta
total subscriptions: 644,955 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2021 est.)
Zypern
total subscriptions: 1,320,794 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 149 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 149 (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
total subscriptions: 80 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2021 est.)
Grossbritannien
3,200 km (2009) (620 km used for commerce)
Disputes - international
Malta
none identified
Zypern
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; has had maritime/economic exclusion zone disputes with Turkey, particularly over energy exploration
Grossbritannien
UK-Argentina: UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UK-Argentina-Chile: the UK’s territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim
UK-Denmark: the UK, Iceland, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Iceland, Norway, and the Faroe Islands signed an agreement in 2019 extending the Faroe Islands’ northern continental shelf area
UK (Gibraltar)-Spain: in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement between the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insisted on equal participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproved of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; London and Madrid reached a temporary agreement at the end of 2020 that allowed Gibraltar to be part of the passport-free Schengen zone; talks are expected to continue in 2022
UK-Mauritius-Seychelles: Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory); in 2001, the former inhabitants of the archipelago, evicted 1967 - 1973, were granted UK citizenship and the right of return, followed by Orders in Council in 2004 that banned rehabitation, a High Court ruling reversed the ban, a Court of Appeal refusal to hear the case, and a Law Lords' decision in 2008 denied the right of return; in addition, the UK created the world's largest marine protection area around the Chagos Islands prohibiting the extraction of any natural resources therein
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