Daten & Fakten
Kuba
Schweiz
Venezuela
Capital
Kuba
name: Havana
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting
etymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lighting
etymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX
Schweiz
name: Bern
geographic coordinates: 46 55 N, 7 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin of the name is uncertain but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly "berna" meaning "cleft," that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement
geographic coordinates: 46 55 N, 7 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin of the name is uncertain but may derive from a 2nd century B.C. Celtic place name, possibly "berna" meaning "cleft," that was subsequently adopted by a Roman settlement
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
name: Caracas
geographic coordinates: 10 29 N, 66 52 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast
geographic coordinates: 10 29 N, 66 52 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast
Citizenship
Kuba
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: unknown
Schweiz
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Switzerland
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 12 years including at least 3 of the last 5 years prior to application
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; reduced to five years in the case of applicants from Spain, Portugal, Italy, or a Latin American or Caribbean country
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; reduced to five years in the case of applicants from Spain, Portugal, Italy, or a Latin American or Caribbean country
Legal system
Kuba
civil law system based on Spanish civil code
Schweiz
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, except for federal decrees of a general obligatory character
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
Suffrage
Kuba
16 years of age; universal
Schweiz
18 years of age; universal
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
18 years of age; universal
Area
Kuba
total: 110,860 sq km
land: 109,820 sq km
water: 1,040 sq km
land: 109,820 sq km
water: 1,040 sq km
Schweiz
total: 41,277 sq km
land: 39,997 sq km
water: 1,280 sq km
land: 39,997 sq km
water: 1,280 sq km
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
Land use
Kuba
agricultural land: 60.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 33.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 22.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 27.3% (2018 est.)
other: 12.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 33.8% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 22.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 27.3% (2018 est.)
other: 12.4% (2018 est.)
Schweiz
agricultural land: 38.7% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.5% (2018 est.)
other: 29.8% (2018 est.)
arable land: 10.2% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 27.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.5% (2018 est.)
other: 29.8% (2018 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
agricultural land: 24.5% (2018 est.)
arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)
other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)
forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)
other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
Location
Kuba
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida
Schweiz
Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Age structure
Kuba
0-14 years: 16.39% (male 926,457/female 874,347)
15-64 years: 66.81% (male 3,692,573/female 3,647,316)
65 years and over: 16.8% (2023 est.) (male 835,005/female 1,010,276)
15-64 years: 66.81% (male 3,692,573/female 3,647,316)
65 years and over: 16.8% (2023 est.) (male 835,005/female 1,010,276)
Schweiz
0-14 years: 15.49% (male 683,053/female 643,067)
15-64 years: 65.13% (male 2,800,880/female 2,777,109)
65 years and over: 19.38% (2023 est.) (male 745,501/female 914,150)
15-64 years: 65.13% (male 2,800,880/female 2,777,109)
65 years and over: 19.38% (2023 est.) (male 745,501/female 914,150)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
0-14 years: 25.13% (male 3,920,774/female 3,748,241)
15-64 years: 65.98% (male 10,029,127/female 10,105,332)
65 years and over: 8.9% (2023 est.) (male 1,239,205/female 1,475,581)
15-64 years: 65.98% (male 10,029,127/female 10,105,332)
65 years and over: 8.9% (2023 est.) (male 1,239,205/female 1,475,581)
Birth rate
Kuba
10 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Schweiz
10.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
17 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
Kuba
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Schweiz
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Languages
Kuba
Spanish (official)
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Schweiz
German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.1%, French (official) 22.8%, Italian (official) 8%, English 5.7%, Portuguese 3.5%, Albanian 3.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.3%, Spanish 2.3%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.9%; note - German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all national and official languages; shares sum to more than 100% because respondents could indicate more than one main language (2019 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Life expectancy at birth
Kuba
total population: 79.9 years (2023 est.)
male: 77.5 years
female: 82.4 years
male: 77.5 years
female: 82.4 years
Schweiz
total population: 83.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 81.9 years
female: 85.8 years
male: 81.9 years
female: 85.8 years
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total population: 74.3 years (2023 est.)
male: 71.2 years
female: 77.5 years
male: 71.2 years
female: 77.5 years
Major urban areas - population
Kuba
2.149 million HAVANA (capital) (2023)
Schweiz
1.432 million Zurich, 441,000 BERN (capital) (2023)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
2.972 million CARACAS (capital), 2.368 million Maracaibo, 1.983 million Valencia, 1.254 million Barquisimeto, 1.243 million Maracay, 964,000 Ciudad Guayana (2023)
Median age
Kuba
total: 42.3 years (2023 est.)
male: 40.8 years
female: 44.3 years
male: 40.8 years
female: 44.3 years
Schweiz
total: 44 years (2023 est.)
male: 43.3 years
female: 44.8 years
male: 43.3 years
female: 44.8 years
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 30.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 30.1 years
female: 31.5 years
male: 30.1 years
female: 31.5 years
Schweiz
31.1 years (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
Kuba
-2.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Schweiz
6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
13.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
Kuba
large population clusters found throughout the country, the more significant ones being in the larger towns and cities, particularly the capital of Havana
Schweiz
population distribution corresponds to elevation with the northern and western areas far more heavily populated; the higher Alps of the south limit settlement
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Population growth rate
Kuba
-0.19% (2023 est.)
Schweiz
0.78% (2023 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
2.4% (2023 est.)
Total fertility rate
Kuba
1.71 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Schweiz
1.59 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
2.2 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Urbanization
Kuba
urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Schweiz
urban population: 74.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
urban population: 88.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Education expenditures
Kuba
NA
Schweiz
5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
1.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
Kuba
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 15 years (2021)
male: 13 years
female: 15 years (2021)
Schweiz
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Kuba
-10.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Schweiz
1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
-46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
Kuba
-6.75% (2021 est.)
Schweiz
7.91% (2021 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
-2% (2017 est.)
Labor force
Kuba
5.135 million (2021 est.)
note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%
note: state sector 72.3%, non-state sector 27.7%
Schweiz
4.963 million (2021 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
10.245 million (2021 est.)
Population below poverty line
Kuba
NA
Schweiz
16% (2018 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
33.1% (2015 est.)
Unemployment rate
Kuba
2.76% (2021 est.)
2.62% (2020 est.)
1.74% (2019 est.)
note: data are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double
2.62% (2020 est.)
1.74% (2019 est.)
note: data are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double
Schweiz
5.32% (2021 est.)
4.82% (2020 est.)
4.39% (2019 est.)
4.82% (2020 est.)
4.39% (2019 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
6.41% (2021 est.)
6.63% (2020 est.)
5.1% (2019 est.)
6.63% (2020 est.)
5.1% (2019 est.)
Public debt
Kuba
47.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
42.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
42.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Schweiz
20.91% of GDP (2020 est.)
18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options
18.95% of GDP (2019 est.)
18.68% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: general government gross debt; gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future; includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable; all liabilities in the Government Financial Systems Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Kuba
5.5% (2017 est.)
4.5% (2016 est.)
4.5% (2016 est.)
Schweiz
0.58% (2021 est.)
-0.73% (2020 est.)
0.36% (2019 est.)
-0.73% (2020 est.)
0.36% (2019 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
146,101.7% (2019 est.)
45,518.1% (2018 est.)
416.8% (2017 est.)
45,518.1% (2018 est.)
416.8% (2017 est.)
Exports
Kuba
$2.63 billion (2017 est.)
$2.546 billion (2016 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
$2.546 billion (2016 est.)
note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Schweiz
$571.376 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$474.236 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$478.505 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland
$474.236 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$478.505 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
note: trade data exclude trade with Switzerland
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
$83.401 billion (2018 est.)
$93.485 billion (2017 est.)
$93.485 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners
Kuba
China 38%, Spain 11%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Schweiz
Germany 16%, United States 14%, United Kingdom 8%, China 7%, France 6%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
India 34%, China 28%, United States 12%, Spain 6% (2019)
Imports
Kuba
$11.06 billion (2017 est.)
$10.28 billion (2016 est.)
$10.28 billion (2016 est.)
Schweiz
$480.522 billion (2021 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$429.979 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$413.404 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$429.979 billion (2020 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
$413.404 billion (2019 est.) ; note - data are in current year dollars
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
$18.432 billion (2018 est.)
$18.376 billion (2017 est.)
$18.376 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners
Kuba
Spain 19%, China 15%, Italy 6%, Canada 5%, Russia 5%, United States 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)
Schweiz
Germany 21%, Italy 8%, France 6%, United States 6%, United Kingdom 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
China 28%, United States 22%, Brazil 8%, Spain 6%, Mexico 6% (2019)
Airports
Kuba
133 (2021)
Schweiz
63 (2021)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
444 (2021)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
Kuba
total: 231,654 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
Schweiz
total: 4,028,238 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 2,561,556 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)
Internet users
Kuba
total: 7.81 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 71% (2021 est.)
note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet"; issues relating to COVID-19 impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be different than published numbers suggest
percent of population: 71% (2021 est.)
note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet"; issues relating to COVID-19 impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be different than published numbers suggest
Schweiz
total: 8.352 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
percent of population: 96% (2021 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 22,734,162 (2022 est.)
percent of population: 78.7% (2022 est.)
percent of population: 78.7% (2022 est.)
Railways
Kuba
total: 8,367 km (2017)
standard gauge: 8,195 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (124 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 172 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
note: As of 2013, 70 km of standard gauge and 12 km of narrow gauge track were not for public use
standard gauge: 8,195 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (124 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 172 km (2017) 1.000-m gauge
note: As of 2013, 70 km of standard gauge and 12 km of narrow gauge track were not for public use
Schweiz
total: 5,296 km (2020) 5,296 km electrified; Switzerland remains the only country with a fully electrified network
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 447 km (2014)
standard gauge: 447 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (41.4 km electrified)
standard gauge: 447 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (41.4 km electrified)
Roadways
Kuba
total: 60,000 km (2015)
paved: 20,000 km (2001)
unpaved: 40,000 km (2001)
paved: 20,000 km (2001)
unpaved: 40,000 km (2001)
Schweiz
total: 71,557 km (2017)
paved: 71,557 km (2017) (includes 1,458 of expressways)
paved: 71,557 km (2017) (includes 1,458 of expressways)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total: 96,189 km (2014)
Telephones - fixed lines
Kuba
total subscriptions: 1,539,269 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)
Schweiz
total subscriptions: 2,956,500 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total subscriptions: 3.2 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2021 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
Kuba
total subscriptions: 7,103,296 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 63 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 63 (2021 est.)
Schweiz
total subscriptions: 11,060,700 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 127 (2021 est.)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
total subscriptions: 17 million (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 60 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 60 (2021 est.)
Waterways
Kuba
240 km (2011) (almost all navigable inland waterways are near the mouths of rivers)
Schweiz
1,292 km (2010) (there are 1,227 km of waterways on lakes and rivers for public transport and 65 km on the Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee for commercial goods transport)
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
7,100 km (2011) (Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels)
Disputes - international
Kuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease
Schweiz
none identified
Bolivarische Republik Venezuela
Venezuela-Brazil: none identified
Venezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the border
Venezuela-Guyana: claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; in 2018, Guyana initiated proceedings against Venezuela with the International Court of Justice (ICJ); Venezuela requested a direct dialogue to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the case in December 2020; in September 2021, Venezuelan officials issued a statement reasserting dominion over three-quarters of Guyana, which Guyana stated was a threat to its sovereignty and territorial integrity; in December 2023, the Venezuelan Government conducted a public referendum asking its citizens to support establishing a state in the disputed territory, granting citizenship to current and future area residents, and rejecting the jurisdiction of the ICJ
Venezuela-various: Venezuela claims Aves Island and thereby an economic exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Venezuela’s claim to Aves Island is disputed by Dominica and several other countries because the island has rich guano deposits useful in producing fertilizer and gunpowder, as well as large fish stocks and natural gas reserves; contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resources
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