Capital

Rumänien

name: Bucharest

geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy"

Gabun

name: Libreville

geographic coordinates: 0 23 N, 9 27 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: original site settled by freed slaves and the name means "free town" in French; named in imitation of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone

Irak

name: Baghdad

geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with bagh and dad meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"

Citizenship

Rumänien

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Gabun

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Gabon

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Irak

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Legal system

Rumänien

civil law system

Gabun

mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law

Irak

mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law

Suffrage

Rumänien

18 years of age; universal

Gabun

18 years of age; universal

Irak

18 years of age; universal

Area

Rumänien

total: 238,391 sq km

land: 229,891 sq km

water: 8,500 sq km

Gabun

total: 267,667 sq km

land: 257,667 sq km

water: 10,000 sq km

Irak

total: 438,317 sq km

land: 437,367 sq km

water: 950 sq km

Land use

Rumänien

agricultural land: 60.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 39.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 19.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 28.7% (2018 est.)

other: 10.6% (2018 est.)

Gabun

agricultural land: 19% (2018 est.)

arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 81% (2018 est.)

other: 0% (2018 est.)

Irak

agricultural land: 18.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 9.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.9% (2018 est.)

other: 80% (2018 est.)

Location

Rumänien

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Gabun

Central Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Irak

Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait

Age structure

Rumänien

0-14 years: 15.63% (male 1,472,449/female 1,391,671)

15-64 years: 62.13% (male 5,689,908/female 5,696,224)

65 years and over: 22.24% (2023 est.) (male 1,682,695/female 2,393,380)

Gabun

0-14 years: 35.04% (male 424,741/female 415,342)

15-64 years: 60.76% (male 765,729/female 690,931)

65 years and over: 4.2% (2023 est.) (male 50,920/female 49,705)

Irak

0-14 years: 35.24% (male 7,428,445/female 7,113,723)

15-64 years: 61.17% (male 12,692,897/female 12,548,936)

65 years and over: 3.59% (2023 est.) (male 658,844/female 823,264)

Birth rate

Rumänien

8.6 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Gabun

25.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

24.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Rumänien

14.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Gabun

5.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

3.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Rumänien

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)

note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Gabun

French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Irak

Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present; Iraqis have the right to be educated in their native language

major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن مصدر للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Rumänien

total population: 76.3 years (2023 est.)

male: 72.9 years

female: 80 years

Gabun

total population: 70 years (2023 est.)

male: 68.3 years

female: 71.8 years

Irak

total population: 73.5 years (2023 est.)

male: 71.6 years

female: 75.4 years

Major urban areas - population

Rumänien

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

Gabun

870,000 LIBREVILLE (capital) (2023)

Irak

7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023)

Median age

Rumänien

total: 45.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 43.6 years

female: 46.5 years

Gabun

total: 21.8 years (2023 est.)

male: 22.2 years

female: 21.3 years

Irak

total: 22.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 21.7 years

female: 22.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Rumänien

27.1 years (2020 est.)

Gabun

19.6 years (2012 est.)

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Net migration rate

Rumänien

-3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Gabun

3.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Irak

-1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Rumänien

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Gabun

the relatively small population is spread in pockets throughout the country; the largest urban center is the capital of Libreville, located along the Atlantic coast in the northwest as shown in this population distribution map

Irak

population is concentrated in the north, center, and eastern parts of the country, with many of the larger urban agglomerations found along extensive parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; much of the western and southern areas are either lightly populated or uninhabited

Population growth rate

Rumänien

-1.01% (2023 est.)

Gabun

2.39% (2023 est.)

Irak

1.94% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Rumänien

1.63 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Gabun

3.26 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Irak

3.17 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Rumänien

urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Gabun

urban population: 91% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Irak

urban population: 71.6% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Rumänien

3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Gabun

3.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Irak

4.7% of GDP (2016)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Rumänien

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 15 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Rumänien

-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Gabun

-1.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Irak

-4.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Rumänien

4.07% (2021 est.)

Gabun

3.2% (2021 est.)

Irak

-1.14% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Rumänien

8.381 million (2021 est.)

Gabun

718,400 (2021 est.)

Irak

11.184 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Rumänien

23.8% (2018 est.)

Gabun

33.4% (2017 est.)

Irak

23% (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

Rumänien

5.17% (2021 est.)

5.03% (2020 est.)

3.91% (2019 est.)

Gabun

22.26% (2021 est.)

21.97% (2020 est.)

20.74% (2019 est.)

Irak

14.19% (2021 est.)

14.09% (2020 est.)

12.86% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Rumänien

57.11% of GDP (2020 est.)

43.21% of GDP (2019 est.)

42.56% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Gabun

62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

64.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

Irak

27.44% of GDP (2018 est.)

35.86% of GDP (2017 est.)

29.48% of GDP (2016 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Rumänien

5.05% (2021 est.)

2.63% (2020 est.)

3.83% (2019 est.)

Gabun

1.18% (2020 est.)

2.46% (2019 est.)

4.75% (2018 est.)

Irak

6.04% (2021 est.)

0.57% (2020 est.)

-0.2% (2019 est.)

Exports

Rumänien

$115.879 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$93.024 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$100.901 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Gabun

$10.8 billion (2019 est.)

$9.533 billion (2018 est.)

$9.145 billion (2017 est.)

Irak

$78.261 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$50.632 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$88.903 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Rumänien

Germany 22%, Italy 10%, France 7% (2019)

Gabun

China 63%, Singapore 5% (2019)

Irak

China 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)

Imports

Rumänien

$132.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$103.899 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$111.184 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Gabun

$5.02 billion (2019 est.)

$4.722 billion (2018 est.)

$4.749 billion (2017 est.)

Irak

$50.707 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$54.722 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$72.283 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Rumänien

Germany 19%, Italy 9%, Hungary 7%, Poland 6%, China 5%, France 5% (2019)

Gabun

France 22%, China 17%, Belgium 6%, United States 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

Irak

United Arab Emirates 28%, Turkey 21%, China 19% (2019)

Airports

Rumänien

45 (2021)

Gabun

44 (2021)

Irak

102 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Rumänien

total: 5,684,782 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2020 est.)

Gabun

total: 44,607 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)

Irak

total: 6,254,099 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Rumänien

total: 15.96 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 84% (2021 est.)

Gabun

total: 1.656 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 72% (2021 est.)

Irak

total: 21.56 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 49% (2021 est.)

Railways

Rumänien

total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

Gabun

total: 649 km (2014)

standard gauge: 649 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

Irak

total: 2,272 km (2014)

standard gauge: 2,272 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

Roadways

Rumänien

total: 84,185 km (2012)

paved: 49,873 km (2012) (includes 337 km of expressways)

unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)

Gabun

total: 14,300 km (2001)

paved: 900 km (2001)

unpaved: 13,400 km (2001)

Irak

total: 59,623 km (2012)

paved: 59,623 km (2012) (includes Kurdistan region)

Telephones - fixed lines

Rumänien

total subscriptions: 2.606 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 13 (2021 est.)

Gabun

total subscriptions: 31,708 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2021 est.)

Irak

total subscriptions: 3,048,736 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Rumänien

total subscriptions: 22.929 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119 (2021 est.)

Gabun

total subscriptions: 3,144,609 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 134 (2021 est.)

Irak

total subscriptions: 37,649,112 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Rumänien

1,731 km (2010) (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals)

Gabun

1,600 km (2010) (310 km on Ogooue River)

Irak

5,279 km (2012) (the Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are the principal waterways)

Disputes - international

Rumänien

Romania-Bulgaria: none identified

Romania-Hungary: none identified

Romania-Moldova: none identified

Romania-Serbia: none identified

Romania-Ukraine: the International Court of Justice ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; in 2007, Romania opposed Ukraine's construction of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea, arguing that it runs through a unique ecological area, the Danube Delta

Gabun

dispute with Equatorial Guinea over Mbane Island and lesser islands in the Corisco Bay submitted to ICJ in 2016

Irak

Iraq-Iran: Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf

Iraq-Kuwait: undemarcated maritime boundary; Kuwait has called on Iraq to resolve the domestic legal status of the 2012 Kuwait-Iraq Agreement to regulate maritime navigation in Khor Abdullah and ensure that the agreement remains in force 

Iraq-Turkey: Turkey maintains a military presence in northern Iraq to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) terrorist group; it periodically conducts air strikes and has conducted large military operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018, and smaller-scale operations in 2021 and 2022