Capital

Tunesien

name: Tunis

geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word "ens," which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night," may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors

Estland

name: Tallinn

geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the Estonian name is generally believed to be derived from "Taani-linn" (originally meaning "Danish castle", now "Danish town") after a stronghold built in the area by the Danes; it could also have come from "tali-linn" ("winter castle" or "winter town") or "talu-linn" ("home castle" or "home town")

Citizenship

Tunesien

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Estland

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Estonia

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Legal system

Tunesien

mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

Estland

civil law system

Suffrage

Tunesien

18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months

Estland

18 years of age; universal; age 16 for local elections

Area

Tunesien

total: 163,610 sq km

land: 155,360 sq km

water: 8,250 sq km

Estland

total: 45,228 sq km

land: 42,388 sq km

water: 2,840 sq km

note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Land use

Tunesien

agricultural land: 64.8% (2018 est.)

arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 6.6% (2018 est.)

other: 28.6% (2018 est.)

Estland

agricultural land: 22.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 14.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 7.2% (2018 est.)

forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)

other: 25.7% (2018 est.)

Location

Tunesien

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Estland

Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Age structure

Tunesien

0-14 years: 24.77% (male 1,529,179/female 1,436,771)

15-64 years: 65.26% (male 3,843,642/female 3,971,509)

65 years and over: 9.98% (2023 est.) (male 566,265/female 628,816)

Estland

0-14 years: 15.56% (male 95,732/female 91,384)

15-64 years: 62.27% (male 376,599/female 372,380)

65 years and over: 22.17% (2023 est.) (male 94,291/female 172,376)

Birth rate

Tunesien

14.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Estland

8.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Tunesien

6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Estland

13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Tunesien

Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight); note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population

major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، أحسن كتاب تتعلم به المعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Estland

Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Tunesien

total population: 77.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 75.4 years

female: 78.8 years

Estland

total population: 78.1 years (2023 est.)

male: 73.5 years

female: 82.9 years

Major urban areas - population

Tunesien

2.475 million TUNIS (capital) (2023)

Estland

454,000 TALLINN (capital) (2023)

Median age

Tunesien

total: 34 years (2023 est.)

male: 33.2 years

female: 34.7 years

Estland

total: 44.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 41.5 years

female: 47.9 years

Estland

28.2 years (2020 est.)

Net migration rate

Tunesien

-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Estland

-2.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Tunesien

the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this population distribution map

Estland

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Population growth rate

Tunesien

0.63% (2023 est.)

Estland

-0.74% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Tunesien

1.96 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Estland

1.62 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Tunesien

urban population: 70.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Estland

urban population: 69.8% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: -0.03% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Tunesien

7.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Estland

6.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Tunesien

total: 15 years

male: 14 years

female: 16 years (2016)

Estland

total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Tunesien

-5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Estland

-0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Tunesien

8.6% (2021 est.)

Estland

7.13% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Tunesien

4.226 million (2021 est.)

Estland

704,700 (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Tunesien

15.2% (2015 est.)

Estland

21.7% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Tunesien

16.82% (2021 est.)

16.59% (2020 est.)

15.13% (2019 est.)

Estland

6.33% (2021 est.)

6.8% (2020 est.)

4.45% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Tunesien

70.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

62.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Estland

23.77% of GDP (2020 est.)

14.05% of GDP (2019 est.)

13.46% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Tunesien

5.71% (2021 est.)

5.63% (2020 est.)

6.72% (2019 est.)

Estland

4.65% (2021 est.)

-0.44% (2020 est.)

2.28% (2019 est.)

Exports

Tunesien

$19.743 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$16.017 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$19.175 billion (2019 est.)

Estland

$29.056 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$21.769 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$22.962 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Tunesien

France 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)

Estland

Finland 12%, United States 9%, Latvia 9%, Sweden 8%, Russia 6% (2021)

Imports

Tunesien

$24.269 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$19.603 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$23.546 billion (2019 est.)

Estland

$29.234 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$21.813 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$21.712 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Tunesien

France 17%, Italy 16%, Germany 8%, China 8%, Algeria 7% (2019)

Estland

Russia 15%, Finland 10%, Germany 10%, Latvia 7%, Lithuania 6% (2021)

Airports

Tunesien

29 (2021)

Estland

18 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Tunesien

total: 1,334,059 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est.)

Estland

total: 415,610 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Tunesien

total: 9.48 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)

Estland

total: 1.183 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)

Railways

Tunesien

total: 2,173 km (2014) (1,991 in use)

standard gauge: 471 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 1,694 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)

dual gauge: 8 km (2014) 1.435-1.000-m gauge

Estland

total: 1,441 km (2020) 225 km electrified

Roadways

Tunesien

paved: 20,000 km (2015)

Estland

total: 58,412 km (2011) (includes urban roads)

paved: 10,427 km (2011) (includes 115 km of expressways)

unpaved: 47,985 km (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

Tunesien

total subscriptions: 1.7 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2021 est.)

Estland

total subscriptions: 296,620 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 22 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Tunesien

total subscriptions: 16 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2021 est.)

Estland

total subscriptions: 1,980,838 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 149 (2021 est.)

Estland

335 km (2011) (320 km are navigable year-round)

Disputes - international

Tunesien

none identified

Estland

Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia