Capital

Montenegro

name: Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"

geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around

Citizenship

Montenegro

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Legal system

Montenegro

civil law

Suffrage

Montenegro

18 years of age; universal

Area

Montenegro

total: 13,812 sq km

land: 13,452 sq km

water: 360 sq km

Land use

Montenegro

agricultural land: 38.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 40.4% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)

Location

Montenegro

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Age structure

Montenegro

0-14 years: 17.93% (male 55,690/female 52,340)

15-64 years: 64.65% (male 194,334/female 195,127)

65 years and over: 17.42% (2023 est.) (male 45,993/female 58,961)

Birth rate

Montenegro

11 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Montenegro

10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Montenegro

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) 

Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

Montenegro

total population: 78 years (2023 est.)

male: 75.6 years

female: 80.5 years

Major urban areas - population

Montenegro

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Median age

Montenegro

total: 40.7 years (2023 est.)

male: 39.2 years

female: 42.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Montenegro

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Net migration rate

Montenegro

-5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Montenegro

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Population growth rate

Montenegro

-0.43% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Montenegro

1.81 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Montenegro

urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Montenegro

NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Montenegro

total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2021)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Montenegro

-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Montenegro

1.39% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Montenegro

277,400 (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Montenegro

24.5% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate

Montenegro

18.49% (2021 est.)

17.9% (2020 est.)

15.12% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Montenegro

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Montenegro

2.41% (2021 est.)

-0.26% (2020 est.)

0.36% (2019 est.)

Exports

Montenegro

$2.502 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.247 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$2.424 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - partners

Montenegro

Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)

Imports

Montenegro

$3.637 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$2.917 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.6 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Montenegro

Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)

Airports

Montenegro

5 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Montenegro

total: 184,176 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Montenegro

total: 516,600 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 82% (2021 est.)

Railways

Montenegro

total: 250 km (2017)

standard gauge: 250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)

Roadways

Montenegro

total: 7,762 km (2010)

paved: 7,141 km (2010)

unpaved: 621 km (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines

Montenegro

total subscriptions: 189,519 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Montenegro

total subscriptions: 1,120,074 (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 178 (2021 est.)

Disputes - international

Montenegro

Montenegro-Albania: none identified

Montenegro-Bosnia and Herzegovina: the two countries signed a border agreement in August 2015; sovereignty of the disputed Sutorina territory was given to Montenegro

Montenegro-Croatia: the two countries in 2002 reached a temporary agreement designating the Prevlaka Peninsula as part of Croatia, in October 2020, a Montenegrin official resurrected the dormant dispute over the Prevlaka Peninsula by stating that Montenegro had a good chance of winning it through international arbitration

Montenegro-Kosovo: a 2015 border agreement was ratified by Montenegro in 2015 and by Kosovo in 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed

Montenegro-Serbia: The former republic boundary – when the two countries were one and called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – serves as the boundary until a line is formally delimited and demarcated