Capital

Kanada

name: Ottawa

geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W

time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

time zone note: Canada has six time zones

etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

Citizenship

Kanada

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Legal system

Kanada

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

Suffrage

Kanada

18 years of age; universal

Area

Kanada

total: 9,984,670 sq km

land: 9,093,507 sq km

water: 891,163 sq km

Land use

Kanada

agricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)

arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)

other: 59.1% (2018 est.)

Location

Kanada

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Age structure

Kanada

0-14 years: 15.65% (male 3,097,585/female 2,930,056)

15-64 years: 63.85% (male 12,367,172/female 12,224,077)

65 years and over: 20.5% (2023 est.) (male 3,630,580/female 4,267,266)

Birth rate

Kanada

10.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate

Kanada

8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Languages

Kanada

English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

Life expectancy at birth

Kanada

total population: 84 years (2023 est.)

male: 81.7 years

female: 86.4 years

Major urban areas - population

Kanada

6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

Median age

Kanada

total: 42.4 years (2023 est.)

male: 41.2 years

female: 43.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

Kanada

29.4 years (2019 est.)

Net migration rate

Kanada

5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Kanada

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Population growth rate

Kanada

0.73% (2023 est.)

Total fertility rate

Kanada

1.57 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Kanada

urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)

rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Education expenditures

Kanada

5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

Kanada

total: 17 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2020)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

Kanada

-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

Kanada

4.74% (2021 est.)

Labor force

Kanada

21.017 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

Kanada

9.4% (2008 est.)

note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Unemployment rate

Kanada

7.51% (2021 est.)

9.46% (2020 est.)

5.66% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Kanada

72.09% of GDP (2020 est.)

48.01% of GDP (2019 est.)

48.18% of GDP (2018 est.)

note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Kanada

3.4% (2021 est.)

0.72% (2020 est.)

1.95% (2019 est.)

Exports

Kanada

$611.146 billion (2021 est.)

$484.226 billion (2020 est.)

$561.63 billion (2019 est.)

note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.

Exports - partners

Kanada

US 73% (2019)

Imports

Kanada

$609.256 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$517.964 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$589.037 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - partners

Kanada

US 57%, China 11%, Mexico 5% (2019)

Airports

Kanada

1,467 (2021)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

Kanada

total: 15,825,813 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2020 est.)

Internet users

Kanada

total: 35.34 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 93% (2021 est.)

Railways

Kanada

total: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)

standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

Roadways

Kanada

total: 1,042,300 km (2011)

paved: 415,600 km (2011) (includes 17,000 km of expressways)

unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

Kanada

total subscriptions: 12.928 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

Kanada

total subscriptions: 32.723 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 86 (2021 est.)

Waterways

Kanada

636 km (2011) (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States)

Disputes - international

Kanada

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea